Editing Graphite (section)

==Research and innovation==
[[File:Distribution of graphite-related patent families by source type.png|thumb|Distribution of graphite-related patent families by source type - 2012-2022]]
[[File:Innovation maturity matrix Graphite.jpg|thumb|Innovation maturity matrix of graphite]]
Globally, over 60,000 [[patent]] families in graphite technologies were filed from 2012 to 2021. [[Patent application|Patents were filed]] by applicants from over 60 countries and regions. However, graphite-related patent families originated predominantly from just a few countries. [[China]] was the top contributor with more than 47,000 patent families, accounting for four in every five graphite patent families filed worldwide in the last decade. Among other leading countries were [[Japan]], the [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]], the [[United States]] and the [[Russia|Russian Federation]]. Together, these top five countries of applicant origin accounted for 95 percent of global patenting output related to graphite.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |date=2023 |title=Patent Landscape Report - Graphite and its applications |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4649&plang=EN |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=www.wipo.int |publisher=[[WIPO]] |doi=10.34667/tind.47589 |language=en |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. |series=Patent Landscape Reports }}</ref>

Among the different graphite sources, [[flake graphite]] has the highest number of patent families, with more than 5,600 filed worldwide from 2012 to 2021. Supported by active [[research]] from its commercial entities and research institutions, China is the country most actively exploiting flake graphite and has contributed to 85 percent of global patent filings in this area.

At the same time, innovations exploring new synthesis methods and uses for artificial graphite are gaining interest worldwide, as countries seek to exploit the superior material qualities associated with this man-made substance and reduce reliance on the natural material. Patenting activity is strongly led by commercial entities, particularly world-renowned battery manufacturers and [[anode]] material suppliers, with patenting interest focused on [[Electric battery|battery]] anode applications.<ref name=":0" />

The exfoliation process for bulk graphite, which involves separating the [[carbon]] layers within graphite, has been extensively studied between 2012 and 2021. Specifically, ultrasonic and thermal exfoliation have been the two most popular approaches worldwide, with 4,267 and 2,579 patent families, respectively, significantly more than for either the chemical or electrochemical alternatives.

Global patenting activity relating to ultrasonic exfoliation has decreased over the years, indicating that this low-cost technique has become well established. Thermal exfoliation is a more recent process. Compared to ultrasonic exfoliation, this fast and solvent-free thermal approach has attracted greater commercial interest.<ref name=":0" />

As the most widespread anode material for [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]], graphite has drawn significant attention worldwide for use in [[Electric battery|battery]] applications. With over 8,000 patent families filed from 2012 to 2021, battery applications were a key driver of global graphite-related inventions. Innovations in this area are led by battery manufacturers or anode suppliers who have amassed sizable patent portfolios focused strongly on battery performance improvements based on graphite [[anode]] innovation. Besides industry players, academia and research institutions have been an essential source of innovation in graphite anode technologies.

Graphite for [[polymer]] applications was an innovation hot topic from 2012 to 2021, with over 8,000 patent families recorded worldwide. However, in recent years, in the top countries of applicant origin in this area, including China, Japan and the United States of America (US), patent filings have decreased.<ref name=":0" />

Graphite for [[Ceramic engineering|manufacturing ceramics]] represents another area of intensive research, with over 6,000 patent families registered in the last decade alone. Specifically, graphite for [[refractory]] accounted for over one-third of ceramics-related graphite patent families in China and about one-fifth in the rest of the world. Other important graphite applications include high-value ceramic materials such as [[carbide]]s for specific industries, ranging from electrical and electronics, aerospace and precision engineering to military and [[Nuclear graphite|nuclear applications]].

[[Brush (electric)|Carbon brushes]] represent a long-explored graphite application area. There have been few inventions in this area over the last decade, with less than 300 patent families filed from 2012 to 2021, very significantly less than between 1992 and 2011.

[[Biomedicine|Biomedical]], [[sensor]], and [[conductive ink]] are emerging application areas for graphite that have attracted interest from both academia and commercial entities, including renowned universities and multinational corporations. Typically for an [[Emerging technologies|emerging technology]] area, related [[Patent application|patent families were filed]] by various organizations without any players dominating. As a result, the top applicants have a small number of [[inventions]], unlike in well-explored areas, where they will have strong technology accumulation and large patent portfolios. The innovation focus of these three emerging areas is highly scattered and can be diverse, even for a single applicant. However, recent inventions are seen to leverage the development of graphite [[nanomaterials]], particularly graphite [[nanocomposite]]s and [[graphene]].<ref name=":0" />