Editing Fuel cell (section)

==Research and development==
* 2005: [[Georgia Institute of Technology]] researchers used [[triazole]] to raise the operating temperature of PEM fuel cells from below 100&nbsp;°C to over 125&nbsp;°C, claiming this will require less carbon-monoxide purification of the hydrogen fuel.<ref>{{Cite news| title = Chemical Could Revolutionize Polymer Fuel Cells | publisher = Georgia Institute of Technology | date = 24 August 2005 | url = http://fcbt.mse.gatech.edu/PDF/2013_(244)Journal_of_Power_Sources_Song.pdf | access-date = 2014-11-21}}</ref>
* 2008: [[Monash University]], [[Melbourne]] used [[Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)|PEDOT]] as a [[cathode]].<ref name="Online"/>
* 2009: Researchers at the [[University of Dayton]], in Ohio, showed that arrays of vertically grown [[carbon nanotubes]] could be used as the [[catalyst]] in fuel cells.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/411899/cheaper-fuel-cells/|title=Cheaper Fuel Cells|first=Prachi|last=Patel|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref> The same year, a nickel bisdiphosphine-based catalyst for fuel cells was demonstrated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/bio-inspired-catalyst-design-could-rival-platinum/3000549.article|title=Bio-inspired catalyst design could rival platinum|first=Hayley|last=Bennett2009-12-03T19:00:00+00:00|website=Chemistry World}}</ref>
* 2013: British firm ACAL Energy developed a fuel cell that it said could run for 10,000 hours in simulated driving conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acalenergy.co.uk/news/release/acal-energy-system-breaks-the-10000-hour-endurance-barrier/en|title=Hydrogen Fuel Cell That's As Durable As A Conventional Engine|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055850/http://www.acalenergy.co.uk/news/release/acal-energy-system-breaks-the-10000-hour-endurance-barrier/en|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> It asserted that the cost of fuel cell construction can be reduced to $40/kW (roughly $9,000 for 300 HP).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.acalenergy.co.uk/assets/common/0816_ACAL_Poster_1_Costs_v5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016055844/http://www.acalenergy.co.uk/assets/common/0816_ACAL_Poster_1_Costs_v5.pdf|url-status=dead|title=ACAL poster on Fuel Cell costs and efficiency|archive-date=16 October 2013}}</ref>
* 2014: Researchers in [[Imperial College London]] developed a new method for regeneration of [[hydrogen sulfide]] contaminated PEFCs.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kakati|first1=Biraj Kumar|last2=Kucernak|first2=Anthony RJ|title=Gas phase recovery of hydrogen sulfide contaminated polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells|journal=Journal of Power Sources|date=15 March 2014| volume=252|pages=317–326|doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.11.077|bibcode=2014JPS...252..317K|doi-access=free}}</ref> They recovered 95–100% of the original performance of a hydrogen sulfide contaminated PEFC. They were successful in rejuvenating a SO<sub>2</sub> contaminated PEFC too.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kakati|first1=Biraj Kumar|last2=Unnikrishnan|first2=Anusree|last3=Rajalakshmi|first3=Natarajan|last4=Jafri|first4=RI|last5=Dhathathreyan|first5=KS|title=Kucernak|journal=Anthony RJ|volume=41|issue=12|pages=5598–5604|doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.01.077|hdl=10044/1/28872|year=2016|hdl-access=free}}</ref> This regeneration method is applicable to multiple cell stacks.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kakati|first1=BK|title=In-situ O3 rejuvenation of SO2 contaminated Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell: Electrochemistry, single cell and 5-cells stack studies|url=http://www.efcf.com/fileadmin/EFCF-Pict-Logo/EFCF%202015/Download/5th_PEFC-H2-Forum_2015_30June-3July-FinAnnounc-Progr.pdf|access-date=14 July 2015|work=5th European PEFC & H2 Forum|archive-date=14 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714214241/http://www.efcf.com/fileadmin/EFCF-Pict-Logo/EFCF%202015/Download/5th_PEFC-H2-Forum_2015_30June-3July-FinAnnounc-Progr.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><!-- CAN ANYONE TRANSLATE THIS INTO ENGLISH? -->
* 2019: [[United States Army Research Laboratory|U.S. Army Research Laboratory]] researchers developed a two part in-situ hydrogen generation fuel cell, one for hydrogen generation and the other for electric power generation through an internal hydrogen/air power plant.<ref>{{Cite news |title=In Situ Hydrogen Generation Fuel Cell for Future Soldier Power Systems – HDIAC |newspaper=Hdiac |url=https://hdiac.org/articles/in-situ-hydrogen-generation-fuel-cell-for-future-soldier-power-systems/ |access-date=2023-02-07}}</ref>
* 2022: Researchers from [[University of Delaware]] developed a hydrogen-powered fuel cell projected to function at lower costs and operate at roughly $1.4/kW. This design removes [[carbon dioxide]] from the air feed of [[hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shi |first1=Lin |last2=Zhao |first2=Yun |last3=Matz |first3=Stephanie |last4=Gottesfeld |first4=Shimshon |last5=Setzler |first5=Brian P. |last6=Yan |first6=Yushan |date=March 2022 |title=A shorted membrane electrochemical cell powered by hydrogen to remove CO2 from the air feed of hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cells |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00969-5 |journal=Nature Energy |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=238–247 |doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00969-5 |s2cid=246585109 |issn=2058-7546}}</ref>