Editing Foreign relations of China (section)

===Asia===
Generally speaking, China's relations with Central and South Asia have resulted in steadily increasing interdependence and a modestly improved regional integration.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fingar|first=Thomas|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=25|chapter=China and South and Central Asia in the Era of Reform|oclc=939553543|author-link=Thomas Fingar}}</ref>

====Arab World====
{{See also|Sino-Arab relations}}
{{Flagicon|Arab League}}{{Flagicon|China}}

[[File:China’s Critical Sea Lines of Communication.png|thumb|300px|right|China's Critical [[Sea lines of communication]]. In 2004, over 80 percent of Chinese [[crude oil]] imports transited the [[Strait of Malacca]], with less than 2 percent transiting the [[Lombok Strait]].]]

'''Sino-Arab relations''' have extended historically back to the first [[Rashidun Caliphate|Caliphate]], with important trade routes, and good diplomatic relations. Following the age of [[Imperialism]], the Sino-Arab relations were halted for several centuries, until both gained independence in the 19th and 20th century. Modern relations are evolving into a new era, with the [[China–Arab States Cooperation Forum|China-Arab States Cooperation Forum]] (CASCF) as the major multi-lateral cooperation mechanism between China and the Arab League states.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Dawn C.|title=China's Rise in the Global South: The Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|year=2022|isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4|location=Stanford, California|page=56}}</ref>

On 10 March 2023, Saudi Arabia and Iran announced that they had agreed to normalize their relations in a deal brokered by China.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gans|first=Jared|date=11 March 2023|title=Five things to know about the Iran-Saudi deal brokered by China|url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/3895412-five-things-to-know-about-the-iran-saudi-deal-brokered-by-china/|access-date=14 March 2023|website=The Hill}}</ref>

=====Medieval Era=====
During the [[Tang dynasty]], when relations with Arabs were first established, the Chinese called Arabs "Dàshí" ({{Lang|zh|大食}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/dashi.html|title=Chinese History – Dashi 大食|author=Ulrich Theobald|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029020558/http://chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/dashi.html|archive-date=29 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://asiecentrale.revues.org/index623.html|title=A century of Chinese research on Islamic Central Asian history in retrospect|journal=Cahiers d'Asie Centrale|issue=9|pages=115–129|author=Yingsheng, Liu|access-date=19 February 2015|date=July 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727215118/http://asiecentrale.revues.org/index623.html|archive-date=27 July 2011}}</ref> In modern Chinese, Dashi means Great Food. The modern term for Arab is "Ālābó" ({{Lang|zh|阿拉伯}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=English translation of 阿拉伯半岛 ( Alabo Bandao / Ālābó Bàndăo ) – Arabia in Chinese|url=https://dictionary.hantrainerpro.com/chinese-english/translation-alabobandao_arabia.htm|access-date=24 March 2023|website=dictionary.hantrainerpro.com}}</ref>

The Arab Islamic [[Caliph]] [[Uthman Ibn Affan]] (r. 644–656) sent an embassy to the Tang court at Chang'an.<ref>{{citation|last=Twitchett|first=Denis|editor-last=van de Ven|editor-first=Hans|chapter=Tibet in Tang's Grand Strategy|title=Warfare in Chinese History|year=2000|publisher=Koninklijke Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=978-90-04-11774-7|pages=106–179 [125]}}</ref>

Although the Tang Dynasty and the [[Abbasid Caliphate]] had [[Battle of Talas|fought at Talas]], on 11 June 758, an [[Abbasid]] embassy arrived at Chang'an simultaneously with the Uyghurs in order to pay tribute.<ref>{{citation|last=Schafer|first=Edward H.|edition=1st paperback|title=The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A study of T'ang Exotics|orig-date=1963|year=1985|publisher=University of California Press|page=26|location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|isbn=978-0-520-05462-2}}</ref>

The Caliphate was called "Dàshíguó" ({{Lang|zh|大食國}}).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/onknowledgeposs00bretgoog|quote=realm caliphs call ta shi kuo.|title=On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian colonies: and other western countries, mentioned in Chinese books|author=E. Bretschneider|year=1871|publisher=Trübner & co.|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/onknowledgeposs00bretgoog/page/n12 6]|access-date=28 June 2010}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref>

An Arab envoy presented horses and a girdle to the Chinese in 713, but he refused to pay homage to the Emperor, said, he said "In my country we only bow to God never to a Prince". The first thing the court was going to do was to murder the envoy, however, a minister intervened, saying "a difference in the court etiquette of foreign countries ought not to be considered a crime." A second Arab envoy performed the required rituals and paid homage to the Emperor in 726 A.D. He was gifted with a "purple robe and a girdle".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/onknowledgeposs00bretgoog|quote=713 envoy appeared from ta shi.|title=On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian colonies: and other western countries, mentioned in Chinese books|author=E. Bretschneider|year=1871|publisher=Trübner & co.|location=LONDON|page=[https://archive.org/details/onknowledgeposs00bretgoog/page/n14 8]|access-date=28 June 2010}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref>

There was a controversy between the Arab ambassadors and [[Uyghur Khaganate]] ambassadors over who should go first into the Chinese court, they were then guided by the Master of Ceremonies into two different entrances. Three Da shi ambassadors arrived at the Tang court in 198 A.D. A war which was raging between the Arabs and Tibetans from 785 to 804 benefited the Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/onknowledgeposs00bretgoog|quote=hui ho ambassadors 798 three ta shi ambassadors came.|title=On the knowledge possessed by the ancient Chinese of the Arabs and Arabian colonies: and other western countries, mentioned in Chinese books|author=E. Bretschneider|year=1871|publisher=Trübner & co.|location=LONDON|page=[https://archive.org/details/onknowledgeposs00bretgoog/page/n16 10]|access-date=28 June 2010}}(Original from Harvard University)</ref>

According to Professor Samy S. Swayd, [[Fatimid]] missionaries made their [[Dawah]] in China during the reign of [[Al-Aziz Billah]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical dictionary of the Druzes|author=Samy S. Swayd|edition=illustrated|volume=3 of Historical dictionaries of people and cultures|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8108-5332-4|access-date=4 April 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlCHg5EblxEC&q=druze+china&pg=PR41|publisher=Scarecrow Press|quote=The fifth caliph, al-'Aziz bi-Allah (r.975-996). . . In his time, the Fatimi "Call" or "Mission" (Da'wa) reached as far east as India and northern China.|page=xli}}</ref>

=====Trade=====
In Islamic times Muslims from Arabia traded with China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0|url-access=registration|access-date=26 December 2011|title=Islamic desk reference|year=1994|author=E. J. van Donzel|editor=E. J. van Donzel|edition=illustrated|publisher=BRILL|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/67 67]|isbn=978-90-04-09738-4|quote=China (A. al-Sin):. . .After the coming of Islam, the existing trade was continued by the peoples of the South Arabian coast and the Persian Gulf, but the merchants remained on the coast.}}</ref> For instance, China imported frankincense from southern Arabia via [[Srivijaya]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YJibpHfnw94C&pg=PA130|access-date=26 December 2011|title=Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea|year=2010|volume=10 of East Asian Economic and Socio-cultural Studies – East Asian Maritime History|author=Ralph Kauz|editor=Ralph Kauz|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|page=130|isbn=978-3-447-06103-2}}</ref>

=====20th century=====
[[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] under the [[Kuomintang]] had established relations with Egypt and [[Saudi Arabia]] in the 1930s. The Chinese government sponsored students like [[Wang Jingzhai]] and [[Muhammad Ma Jian]] to go the [[Al-Azhar University]] to study. Pilgrims also made the [[Hajj]] to [[Mecca]] from China.<ref name="Masumi">{{cite web|url=http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr|title=The completion of the idea of dual loyalty towards China and Islam|last=Masumi|first=Matsumoto|access-date=28 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724054724/http://science-islam.net/article.php3?id_article=676&lang=fr|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=usurped}}</ref>
Chinese Muslims were sent to Saudi Arabia and Egypt to denounce the Japanese during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref name="Masumi" /> The Fuad Muslim Library in China was named after King [[Fuad I of Egypt]] by the [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] Ma Songting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=ma+fuxiang+military+academy&pg=PA251|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon|author2=Hisao Komatsu|author3=Yasushi Kosugi|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=251|isbn=978-0-415-36835-3|access-date=28 June 2010}}</ref> In 1939 [[Isa Yusuf Alptekin]] and Ma Fuliang were sent by the Kuomintang to the Middle eastern countries such as Egypt, [[Turkey]], and [[Syria]] to gain support during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting|author=Hsiao-ting Lin|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58264-3|page=90}}</ref>

[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] cut off the diplomatic relations with the Republic of China on Taiwan and established the new tie with the People's Republic of China in 1956. By the 1990s all Arab states had finished to recognize the People's Republic of China as the legitimate state of China.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The relations between China and the Arab League as an organization, officially started in 1956, yet it was in 1993, when the Arab League opened its first Office in China, when former Secretary general Essmat Abdel Megeed went to an official Visit to Beijing, in 1996, the Chinese leader Jiang Zemin visited the Arab League headquarters during his visit in Cairo, to become the first Chinese leader to have an official visit for the Arab League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cascf.org/ara/gyam/zgyamgx/|title=中华人民共和国中阿合作论坛|publisher=Cascf.org|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=9 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109035743/http://www.cascf.org/ara/gyam/zgyamgx/|url-status=dead}}</ref> China has continued to pay greater attention to the Middle East since the 2000s.<ref name="Atature-2023">{{Cite book|last=Atatüre|first=Süha|title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace|date=2023|publisher=[[Routledge]]|others=Mher Sahakyan|isbn=978-1-003-35258-7|location=New York|chapter=The US and China as Main Powers in Multipolar World Order 2.0|oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=40}} With China, Middle Eastern countries benefit from a potential investment source and long-term buyer of oil and gas without the political complications that come with dealing with the United States.<ref name="Atature-2023" />{{Rp|page=40}}

===== China-Arab States Cooperation Forum =====
The core political norms that China advocates within CASCF are its [[Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence]]: mutual respect for territory and sovereignty, mutual nonaggression, mutual noninterference in internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence.<ref name="Murphy-2022">{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Dawn C.|title=China's rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order|publisher=Stanford University Press|date=2022|isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4|location=Stanford, California|page=59|oclc=1249712936}}</ref> These principles are a conservative interpretation of the [[Westphalian sovereignty|Westphalian norms]] of state sovereignty.<ref name="Murphy-2022" />

The most prominent political issue advocated through CASCF is a Middle East peace process aimed at resolving the [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]] (including the territorial disputes that Lebanon and Syria each have with Israel).<ref name="Murphy-2022a">{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Dawn C.|title=China's rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order|publisher=Stanford University Press|date=2022|isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4|location=Stanford, California|page=61|oclc=1249712936}}</ref> Other issues which have emerged following the [[Arab Spring]] include the [[Syrian civil war]], and issues in Iraq, Libya, Yemen, Sudan, and Somalia.<ref name="Murphy-2022a" /> In recent years, CASCF documents have noted Arab states' support for China's approach in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Murphy|first=Dawn C.|title=China's rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's alternative world order|date=2022|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-1-5036-3060-4|location=Stanford, California|page=270|oclc=1249712936}}</ref>

In the opening ceremony of the Forum in 2004, Chinese foreign minister [[Li Zhaoxing]] said that the [[Arab world]] is an important force in the international arena, and that China and Arab countries enjoy a time-honored friendship, remarking "Similar histories, common objectives and wide-ranging shared interests have enabled the two sides to strengthen cooperation," he said. "No matter how the international situation changes, China has always been the sincere friend of the Arab world."<ref>{{Cite web|title=1st Sino-Arab Cooperation Forum Ministerial Meeting Held|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2004/Sep/107188.htm|access-date=8 December 2021|website=china.org.cn}}</ref>

The Sino-Arab Cooperation Forum was formally established during China's paramount leader Hu Jintao's visit to the League's headquarters in January 2004. Hu noted at the time that the formation of the forum was a continuation of the traditional friendship between China and the Arab world and an important move to promote bilateral ties under new circumstances.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Li stated that "the establishment of the forum would be conducive to expanding mutually beneficial cooperation in a variety of areas."{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

"The PRC has submitted four proposals. First, maintaining mutual respect, equitable treatment and sincere cooperation on the political front. Second, promoting economic and trade ties through cooperation in investment, trade, contracted projects, labor service, energy, transportation, telecommunications, agriculture, environmental protection and information. Third, expanding cultural exchanges. Finally, conducting personnel training," he said. 
Arab foreign ministers attending the meeting agreed that the formal inauguration of the forum was a significant event in the history of Arab ties with China. They submitted a variety of proposals on promoting Sino-Arab friendship and cooperation. 
At the conclusion of the meeting, Li and Arab League Secretary General [[Amr Moussa]] signed a declaration and an action plan for the forum. 
Li arrived in [[Cairo]] on Sunday evening for a three-day visit to Egypt, the last leg of a [[Middle East]] tour that has taken him to Saudi Arabia, [[Yemen]] and [[Oman]].{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=====The Joint Communiqué=====
One of the major Joint Projects involves the Environment, the AL and PRC signed the Executive Program of the Joint Communiqué between the Environmental Cooperation for 2008–2009{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The League of Arab States and the Government of People's Republic of China signed the Joint Communiqué on Environmental Cooperation (referred to as the Joint Communiqué) on 1 June 2006. The Joint Communiqué is an important instrument that aims to deepen the regional environmental partnership between the two parties. Since the signing of the Joint Communiqué, the [[Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Ministry of Commerce]] and the [[Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China|Chinese Ministry of Environmental Protection]] have co-organized two environmental protection training courses in June 2006 and June 2007 respectively, in China.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bricspolicycenter.org/en/forum-de-cooperacao-china-paises-arabes/|title=China Arab States Cooperation Forum (CASCF)}}</ref>

This treaty was signed by Arab Ambassador [[Ahmed Benhelli]] Under secretary general Am Moussa's Approval, and [[Xu Qinghua]] Director General Department for International Cooperation, Ministry of Environmental Protection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.arableagueonline.org/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720072016/http://www.arableagueonline.org/las/arabic/details_ar.jsp?art_id=5057&level_id=725|title=Arab League – Sportwetten – Beste Singlebörsen im Vergleich|archive-date=20 July 2011|website=Arab League – Sportwetten – Beste Singlebörsen im Vergleich}}</ref>

====West Asia====

=====Iran=====
{{main|China–Iran relations}}

{{Flagicon|Iran}}{{Flagicon|China}}

=====Turkey=====
{{main|China–Turkey relations}}

{{Flagicon|Turkey}}{{Flagicon|China}}

====Central Asia====
{{Main|China–Kazakhstan relations|China–Kyrgyzstan relations|China–Tajikistan relations|China–Turkmenistan relations|China–Uzbekistan relations}}

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the newly independent Central Asian countries inherited the border disagreements with China, which had themselves been inherited from czarist Russia and the Qing dynasty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peyrouse|first=Sebastien|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=218|chapter=China and Central Asia|oclc=939553543}}</ref> In the years after the independence of the Central Asian countries, China negotiated bilaterally to resolve its borders with them individually.<ref name="Peyrouse-2016">{{Cite book|last=Peyrouse|first=Sebastien|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=233|chapter=China and Central Asia|oclc=939553543}}</ref> Ultimately, China obtained territory significantly less than it had originally claimed.<ref name="Peyrouse-2016" /> Resolution of these disputes on territorial terms generally favorable to the Central Asian countries created goodwill for China, avoided conflict, and also resulted in recognition that the czarist era borders were imposed unjustly on China.<ref name="Peyrouse-2016" />

Access to energy and natural resources are important priorities for China in its Central Asian relations.<ref name="Alfred-2023">{{Cite book|last=Alfred|first=Gerstl|title=Contemporary China: a New Superpower?|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2023|isbn=978-1-03-239508-1|editor-last=Kironska|editor-first=Kristina|chapter=China in its Immediate Neighborhood|editor-last2=Turscanyi|editor-first2=Richard Q.}}</ref>{{Rp|page=215}} China is one of the main energy partners of the Central Asian countries.<ref name="Pron-2023">{{Cite book|last=Proń|first=Elżbieta|title=China and Eurasian Powers in a Multipolar World Order 2.0: Security, Diplomacy, Economy and Cyberspace|date=2023|publisher=[[Routledge]]|others=Mher Sahakyan|isbn=978-1-003-35258-7|location=New York|chapter=China in Central Asia: New Developments in 2013-2021|oclc=1353290533}}</ref>{{Rp|page=94}} Chinese oil companies have invested into Kazakh oil fields,<ref name="Alfred-2023" />{{Rp|page=215}} China and [[Kazakhstan]] have constructed an [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline|oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to China]] and are planning to construct a natural gas pipeline. In [[Tajikistan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]], China has invested in hydroelectric projects.<ref name="Pron-2023" />{{Rp|page=94}}

China also seeks to improve land connections with Eurasia through its relations with the Central Asian countries.<ref name="Alfred-2023" />{{Rp|page=215}} [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party|General Secretary]] [[Xi Jinping]] has called China's efforts to build trade links that extend through Central Asia to the Middle East a New [[Silk Road]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chen|first1=Yo-Jung|date=15 January 2014|title=China's Westward Strategy|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/chinas-westward-strategy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117211640/https://thediplomat.com/2014/01/chinas-westward-strategy/|archive-date=17 January 2014|access-date=18 January 2014|website=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]}}</ref> In addition to bolstering trade ties, Beijing has contributed aid and funding to the region's countries.

The [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], of which China is a founding member, is also becoming increasingly important in Central Asian security and politics. Many observers believe that beyond fostering good-neighborly relations, China is also concerned with securing its borders as it emerges as a world power.<ref>[[YaleGlobal Online]] [http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4930 Central Asia: China's Mounting Influence] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410163921/http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/display.article?id=4930|date=10 April 2009}}</ref> The [[terrorist attacks of 11 September]] changed China's view of Central Asia, causing China to pay increasing attention to potential concerns of terrorism, separatism, and extremism arising from the region.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Huasheng|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|pages=173–174|chapter=Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking|oclc=939553543}}</ref> One of China's main interests in Central Asia therefore is stability in Xinjiang, which shares a border with three Central Asian countries.<ref name="Alfred-2023" />{{Rp|page=215}} The Central Asian countries cooperate with China in suppressing support for separatist groups like the [[Turkistan Islamic Party|East Turkestan Islamic Movement]].<ref name=":13" />{{Rp|page=116}} Following the [[United States invasion of Afghanistan|invasion of Afghanistan by the United States]] and the increased involvement of Russia in the region, China's foreign policy makers began to view the Central Asia as both an area for cooperation and competition between major powers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Huasheng|title=The new great game: China and South and Central Asia in the era of reform|date=2016|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|others=Thomas Fingar|isbn=978-0-8047-9764-1|location=Stanford, California|page=174|chapter=Central Asia in Chinese Strategic Thinking|oclc=939553543}}</ref>

[[China plus Central Asia]] (also depicted as China + Central Asia; C+C5) is a meeting of the Foreign Ministers' of China and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. It was started in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hashimova|first=Umida|date=20 July 2020|title=China Launches 5+1 Format Meetings With Central Asia|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/07/china-launches-51-format-meetings-with-central-asia/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=The Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 May 2021|title=China and Central Asia: Bilateral Trade Relationships and Future Outlook|url=https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-and-central-asia-bilateral-trade-relationships-and-future-outlook/|access-date=16 June 2021|website=China Briefing News}}</ref> In 2023, Xi Jinping and leaders of the five Central Asian countries held the [[China-Central Asia Summit]] in [[Xi'an]], and the summit resulted in 54 agreements, 19 new cooperation mechanisms and platforms, and nine multilateral documents.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2023|author=Stefan Wolff|url=https://theconversation.com/how-china-is-increasing-its-influence-in-central-asia-as-part-of-global-plans-to-offer-an-alternative-to-the-west-206035|title=How China is increasing its influence in central Asia as part of global plans to offer an alternative to the west|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref>

====East Asia====
As of 2022, the general trend is that China and the other East Asian countries have increased their ties with each other, especially in economic matters and in conducting joint military exercises.<ref name=":Ma&Kang">{{Cite book|last1=Ma|first1=Xinru|title=Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations|last2=Kang|first2=David C.|date=2024|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-55597-5|series=Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics|location=New York}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=173–175}} Trade with China comprised 39% of all East Asia regional trade as of 2020.<ref name=":Ma&Kang" />{{Rp|page=171}}

=====Japan=====
{{main|Sino–Japanese relations|History of Sino-Japanese relations}}

Having fought two wars against Japan ([[First Sino-Japanese War|1894–95]] and [[Second Sino-Japanese War|1937–45]]), China's long-standing concern about the level of Japan's military strength surfaces periodically, and criticism of Japan's refusal to present a full version of the [[Japanese history textbook controversies|atrocities of World War II in its textbooks]] is a perennial issue.  The relationship between China and Japan has been strained at times by Japan's refusal to acknowledge its [[World War II|wartime]] past to the satisfaction of China. [[Historical revisionism|Revisionist]] comments made by prominent Japanese officials and some Japanese history textbooks regarding the 1937 [[Nanjing Massacre]] have been a focus of particular controversy. Sino-Japanese relations warmed considerably after [[Shinzō Abe]] became the [[Prime Minister of Japan]] in September 2006, and a joint historical study conducted by China and Japan released a report in 2010 which pointed toward a new consensus on the issue of [[Japanese war crimes]].<ref name="Ref_ac">[https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/09/nanjing_by_the_numbers ''Nanjing by the Numbers''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024071131/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2010/02/09/nanjing_by_the_numbers |date=24 October 2014 }}. Foreign Policy. 9 February 2010.</ref> However, in the early 2010s, relations cooled once more, with Japan accusing China of withholding its reserves of valuable [[rare earth element]]s.<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/mining/7970872/Backlash-over-China-curb-on-metal-exports.html "Backlash over the alleged China curb on metal exports"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415150316/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/mining/7970872/Backlash-over-China-curb-on-metal-exports.html |date=15 April 2018 }}. ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', London, 29 August 2010. Retrieved 30 August 2010.</ref>

=====North Korea=====
{{main|China–North Korea relations|History of Sino-Korean relations}}

{{Flagicon|North Korea}}{{Flagicon|China}}

[[File:North Korea - China friendship (5578914865).jpg|thumb|240px|The close China-DPRK relationship is celebrated at the [[Arirang Festival|Mass Games]] in Pyongyang, 2010]]China had long been a close ally of North Korea but also found a valuable trading partner in South Korea and eventually took a role in the early 2000s as a proponent of "[[six-party talks]]" (North Korea, South Korea, Russia, Japan, the U.S., and China) to resolve tensions on the [[Korean Peninsula]]. China was instrumental at brokering talks with North Korea over its nuclear program, and in 2003, there was a concerted effort by China to improve relations with the ASEAN countries and form a common East Asian market. These foreign policy efforts have been part of a general foreign policy initiative known as [[China's peaceful rise]]. On 15 November 2005, Hu Jintao visited Seoul and spoke of the importance of both countries' contributions for regional peace and cooperation in economic development.  Hu's critics say that his government was overly aggressive in asserting its new power, overestimated its reach, and raised the ire of the United States and its allies who are close in proximity to China, such as India, and Japan.<ref name="econo">{{cite news|date=19 November 2011|title=America in the Asia-Pacific: We're back|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.economist.com/node/21538803|url-status=live|access-date=2 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101111329/http://www.economist.com/node/21538803|archive-date=1 January 2012}}</ref>

=====South Korea=====
{{main|China–South Korea relations}}

Diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and [[South Korea]] were formally established on 24 August 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Zhao|first=Suisheng|title=The dragon roars back: transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy|date=2023|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2|location=Stanford, California|page=69|oclc=1332788951}}</ref> Throughout the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s the PRC recognized only North Korea while South Korea in turn recognized only the [[Republic of China]] in Taiwan. South Korea was the last Asian country to establish relations with the People's Republic of China. In recent years, China and South Korea have endeavored to boost their strategic and cooperative partnership in numerous sectors, as well as promoting high level relationship. Trade, tourism and multiculturalism, in specific, have been the most important factors of strengthening two neighbouring countries cooperative partnership.<ref name="Jung-2020">{{Cite journal|last=Jung|first=H. Pak|author-link=Jung H. Pak|date=July 2020|title=Trying to loosen the linchpin: China's approach to South Korea|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/FP_20200606_china_south_korea_pak_v2.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Global China|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030214819/https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/FP_20200606_china_south_korea_pak_v2.pdf|archive-date=30 October 2020|via=Brookings.edu}}</ref>

While the dispute of [[THAAD]] had initiated conflicts between the two countries in various sectors, at the end of October 2017, the two countries ended the 1-year-long diplomatic dispute and have been working swiftly to get their relationship back on track since, strengthening exchanges and cooperation between each other, creating harmony of interests, and agreed to resume exchanges and cooperation in all areas. All economic and cultural bans from China towards South Korea were also lifted as a result, with political and security cooperation, businesses and cultural exchanges between the two countries getting back to healthy state.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Upon resumption of relationship, China and South Korea have been organizing presidential and governmental visits, working together on the Korean Peninsula, assisting with the development of other countries, and cooperating in numerous areas.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

====South Asia====
China's current trade volume with all [[South Asia]]n nations reaches close to $187.554 billion a year.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0282167|doi-access=free|title=A study on the belt and road initiative's trade and its influencing factors: Evidence of China-South Asia's panel data|year=2023|last1=Zhou|first1=Ling|last2=Mao|first2=Yanghai|last3=Fu|first3=Qinyi|last4=Xu|first4=Danlu|last5=Zhou|first5=Jiaqi|last6=Zeng|first6=Shaolong|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=18|issue=4|pages=e0282167|pmid=37058500|pmc=10104349|bibcode=2023PLoSO..1882167Z}}</ref>

Beijing runs trade surpluses with many partners, including Pakistan, Bangladesh, [[Nepal]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. Fast on the heels of the U.S. offer of nuclear power plants to India, Chinese Authorities have helped Pakistan establish nuclear power plants of its own to meet its nuclear needs, which officially consist primarily of energy requirements, although, as per certain perspectives, this could be used for Pakistani and Chinese military, quite possibly defence, purposes. China also lends to and invests in South Asian nations with low-cost financial capital, to help their development sector, especially with the current economically struggling countries of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal<ref>UCLA Asia Institute [http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=23468 China's March on South Asia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183745/http://www.asiamedia.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=23468 |date=16 April 2014 }}</ref>

=====Bangladesh=====
{{main|Bangladesh–China relations}}

{{Flagicon|Bangladesh}}{{Flagicon|China}}

Early relations with the People's Republic of China were cold due to China's veto at the United Nations Security Council to block Bangladesh's accession to the United Nations. Lately however China has made efforts to improve relations with many of its neighbors.  Trade with China reached a record level in 2006 of $3.2 billion under the auspices of the [[Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement]] (AFTA). The trade balance between the two countries are in China's favour. China has also officially agreed to helping Bangladesh on developing their nuclear power plant. Bangladesh has also signed the Apsco convention with six other nations to form a pact with China on space exploration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bangladesh, Pakistan Team Up With China on Space Cooperation|url=http://www.physorg.com/news7697.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330072007/http://www.physorg.com/news7697.html|archive-date=30 March 2012|access-date=19 February 2015|website=[[Phys.org]]}}</ref>

=====India=====
{{main|Foreign relations of India#China|China–India relations}}

{{Flagicon|India}}{{Flagicon|China}}

[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries surpassed US$60 billion by 2010 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|work=Business Standard|date=6 June 2008|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006140815/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|archive-date=6 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La clashes]] and continuing boundary disputes over [[Ladakh]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-kashmir-idUSKBN1XA0M9|title=India, China clash over Kashmir as it loses special status and is divided|date=31 October 2019|work=Reuters|last1=Bukhari|first1=Zeba Siddiqui}}</ref> Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh, Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalize relations.<ref>John W.  Garver,  ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century'' (2001), post 1950</ref>

A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, General Secretary [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from China. However, in June 1999, during the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] crisis, then-External Affairs Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between China and India were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from [[Tibet]] to India of the 17th [[Karmapa]] in January 2000 with delicacy and tact.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$36 billion in 2007, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news|author=Saibal Dasgupta|date=17 January 2008|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms|title=China is India's largest trade ally – International Business – Biz|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093515/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=24 October 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> The increasing economic reliance between China and India has also brought the two nations closer politically, with both China and India eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668|title=news.outlookindia.com|publisher=Outlookindia.com|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425231736/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668|archive-date=25 April 2005}}</ref> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]'s [[Doha Development Round|Doha round]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news|date=29 July 2008|title=US blames India, China for blocking Doha talks|work=[[Business Standard]]|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920|url-status=live|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331142407/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920|archive-date=31 March 2012}}</ref> to regional free trade agreement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms|title=India, China to work on FTA recommendations- Foreign Trade-Economy-News|work=The Economic Times|date=20 February 2008|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522033948/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms|archive-date=22 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Similar to [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]], China and India have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm|title=Front Page: India, China to promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy|date=15 January 2008|access-date=21 November 2009|location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105061635/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm|archive-date=5 November 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India. Both the countries are the largest investors in Africa<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM|title=Article: India, China top Asian FDI list in Africa. &#124; AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy|publisher=AccessMyLibrary|date=28 March 2007|access-date=21 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135056/http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM|archive-date=16 December 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> and have competed for control over its large natural resources.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html Africa: China's Africa Overture Needs Common Touch] [[AllAfrica]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010204148/http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html|date=10 October 2012}}, 16 November 2007</ref>
China and India agreed to take bilateral trade up to US$100 billion on a recent visit by Wen Jiabao to India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shukla|first=Saurabh|date=15 December 2010|title=Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao arrives in India, trade tops agenda|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/chinese-pm-s-india-visit/business/story/chinese-premier-wen-jiabao-arrives-in-india-trade-tops-agenda-87155-2010-12-15|access-date=3 May 2021|website=India Today}}</ref>

Bilateral relations between the two became strained due to the [[2017 China–India border standoff|2017 Doklam standoff]] and then later by the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes]]. Relations were further strained by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

=====Pakistan=====
{{main|Foreign relations of Pakistan|China–Pakistan relations}}

{{see also|China–Pakistan Economic Corridor}}
{{Flagicon|Pakistan}}{{Flagicon|China}}

Pakistan and China have enjoyed strong relations, which encompass military, economic and diplomatic ties, since the 1960s.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|last=Nasser Amin|year=2019|title=The dynamics of the Sino-Pakistani strategic partnership from its formation in the 1960s to the present|url=https://londonchurchillcollege.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JCDMS-V7-MASTER-FILE-FINALD10-260819_Final-Copy.pdf#page=53|access-date=10 May 2020|publisher=Journal of Contemporary Development & Management Studies, p51|publication-place=London Churchill College|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716130610/https://londonchurchillcollege.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/JCDMS-V7-MASTER-FILE-FINALD10-260819_Final-Copy.pdf#page=53|url-status=dead}}</ref> UK scholar Nasser Amin considers the Sino-Pak entente to be a special kind of relationship in the post-war global system, since there are no natural ties or affinities of culture, religion or ideology that have existed between Islamabad and Beijing; rather, the close relationship appears to substantiate a fundamental premise of the [[Neorealism (international relations)|Neo-Realist school of IR thought]]: namely, that states join in alliance with other states on the basis of power considerations, in this case a shared hostility to India.<ref name="auto" />

The [[China–Pakistan Economic Corridor]] (CPEC) is a collection of infrastructure projects that are currently under construction throughout Pakistan.<ref>[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2997650 China Pakistan Economic Corridor.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603013419/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2997650 |date=3 June 2018 }}{{cite news|title=China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales|first1=Tom|last1=Hussain|newspaper=[[McClatchy News]]|date=19 April 2015|location=Islamabad|publisher=mcclatchydc}}</ref><ref name="Kiani">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040|title=With a new Chinese loan, CPEC is now worth $62bn|newspaper=Dawn|location=Pakistan|date=30 September 2016|access-date=19 November 2016|first=Khaleeq|last=Kiani|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930033525/http://www.dawn.com/news/1287040|archive-date=30 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> CPEC is intended to rapidly modernize Pakistani infrastructure and strengthen its economy by the construction of modern transportation networks, numerous energy projects, and [[special economic zone]]s.<ref name="Kiani" /><ref>{{cite web|date=23 November 2016|title=CPEC: The devil is not in the details|url=http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123090242/http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153597/cpec-the-devil-is-not-in-the-details|archive-date=23 November 2016|access-date=23 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/|title=Economic corridor: Chinese official sets record straight|date=2 March 2015|newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]]|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303061541/http://tribune.com.pk/story/846370/economic-corridor-chinese-official-sets-record-straight/|archive-date=3 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="mcclatchydc">{{cite news|title=China's Xi in Pakistan to cement huge infrastructure projects, submarine sales|first1=Tom|last1=Hussain|newspaper=[[McClatchy News]]|date=19 April 2015|location=Islamabad|publisher=mcclatchydc}}</ref> The CPEC will connect Pakistan with China and the Central Asian countries with highway connecting [[Kashgar]] to [[Khunjerab Pass|Khunjerab]] and [[Gwadar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/|title=Boosting trade: Pak-China economic corridor plan gets premier's go-ahead|date=16 August 2013|access-date=23 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924152121/https://tribune.com.pk/story/591372/boosting-trade-pak-china-economic-corridor-plan-gets-premiers-go-ahead/|archive-date=24 September 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> More recently, China has signed several free trade agreements with Pakistan as well as several bilateral trade agreements such as the Early Harvest Agreement and the establishment of a duty-free export zone ([[Sust]] Dry Port) in Pakistan's [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]. China continues to invest heavily into Pakistan, and is providing assistance in the development of [[Gwadar Port]] – the country's 3rd most major port,<ref>[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=8801&geo=2&theme=6&size=A {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133910/http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=8801&geo=2&theme=6&size=A |date=29 September 2007 }} PAKISTAN – CHINA Chinese-funded port in [[Baluchistan, Pakistan]] to give Beijing direct access to the Middle East</ref> timber transhipments from Mozambique, as well as improving infrastructure and the development of a pipeline from the said port towards China's western regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html|title=South Asia news: China-Pakistan rail link on horizon|access-date=21 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132551/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/IB24Df02.html|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Trade and goodwill between Pakistan and China are relatively strong due to the bordered Muslims area of [[Xinjiang]], who used Pakistan as a transit to [[Mecca|Mecca/Makkah]] for pilgrimage. [[Pakistani]] students often go to China to study while Chinese workers come to Pakistan to work on infrastructure projects. Pakistan ceded a portion of [[Kashmir]] in the 1960s. They also share the [[Karakoram Highway]], one of the highest paved roads in the world. Pakistani and Chinese authorities collaborated on everything from nuclear and space technology where help was provided by China to Pakistan, to cruise missile and naval technology.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}

=====Sri Lanka=====
{{main|China–Sri Lanka relations}}

{{Flagicon|Sri Lanka}}{{Flagicon|China}}

====Southeast Asia====
{{see also|Bamboo network}}
China's geopolitical ambitions focus on Southeast Asia, where Beijing is intent upon establishing a preeminent [[sphere of influence]]. China has pursued this ambition with a diplomatic campaign designed to bind the region to China – politically, economically, and militarily.<ref>[http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2005hearings/written_testimonies/05_07_21_22wrts/ott_marvin_wrts.pdf China's Strategic Reach Into Southeast Asia] [[US-China Commission]], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060723191529/http://www.uscc.gov/hearings/2005hearings/written_testimonies/05_07_21_22wrts/ott_marvin_wrts.pdf|date=23 July 2006}}</ref> China's [[Chinese economic reform|transformation]] into a [[Chinese Century|major economic power]] in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the [[bamboo network]], a network of [[overseas Chinese]] businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.<ref name="FT2">{{cite news|last=Quinlan|first=Joe|title=Insight: China's capital targets Asia's bamboo network|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/67554d8a-920f-11dc-8981-0000779fd2ac.html|newspaper=Financial Times|date=13 November 2007|access-date=30 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423172454/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/67554d8a-920f-11dc-8981-0000779fd2ac.html|archive-date=23 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Weidenbaum">{{cite book|author=Murray L Weidenbaum|title=The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia|url=https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid|url-access=registration|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Martin Kessler Books, Free Press|isbn=978-0-684-82289-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bamboonetworkhow00weid/page/4 4]–8|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref>

Historically, China's relations with the region has been uneasy, due to the country's involvement with the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Malayan Communist Party]] during the [[Malayan Emergency|first]] and [[Communist insurgency in Malaysia (1968–89)|second]] communist insurgencies in [[Malaysia]], as well as the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] and [[30 September Movement]] in Indonesia. As a result, previously friendly relations with Indonesia under the [[Sukarno]] government broke off in 1967, and were not restored until 1990, while diplomatic relations with Malaysia were not established until 1974 and in 2015 Malaysia reached a status of comprehensive strategic partnership with China. China's invasion of [[Vietnam]] resulted in the [[Sino-Vietnamese War]] and other border conflicts; this war caused long-lasting animosity within Vietnam against China.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Path|first=Kosal|date=3 July 2018|title=The Duality of Vietnam's Deference and Resistance to China|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592296.2018.1491449|journal=Diplomacy & Statecraft|publication-place=[[Brooklyn College]]|volume=29|issue=3|pages=499–521|doi=10.1080/09592296.2018.1491449|issn=0959-2296|s2cid=158561213}}</ref> Relations between the two states were only normalized in 1991 as Vietnam's closest ally, the Soviet Union, collapsed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ross|first=Robert S.|author-link=Robert S. Ross|date=4 July 2021|title=China-Vietnamese Relations in the Era of Rising China: Power, Resistance, and Maritime Conflict|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10670564.2020.1852737|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary China]]|volume=30|issue=130|pages=613–629|doi=10.1080/10670564.2020.1852737|issn=1067-0564|s2cid=230609101}}</ref> Today, Vietnam and China have a healthy trade relationship, though tensions persist over the countries' boundaries in the South China Sea, among other disputes. Despite China's support of the [[Pol Pot]]'s [[Khmer Rouge]] regime in [[Cambodia]], which lasted long after its deposition, China enjoys a harmonious relationship with Cambodia. This relationship includes strong military and economic ties, with Cambodia defending China on the global stage; Cambodia's government has weak popular support, opening it to coercion by the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Sung Chull|date=1 December 2019|title=China and Its Neighbors: Asymmetrical Economies and Vulnerability to Coercion|url=https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/S1013251119500073|journal=Issues & Studies|volume=55|issue=4|page=1950007|doi=10.1142/S1013251119500073|s2cid=214499088|issn=1013-2511}}</ref> China's relationship with [[Singapore]] is good, and the latter is one of only three countries that can enjoy visa-free entry to the country, starting 17 April 2011.<ref>[http://english.people.com.cn/90001/98649/7343316.html "China-Singapore visa-free agreement to take effect in April"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010063152/http://english.people.com.cn/90001/98649/7343316.html |date=10 October 2012 }} ''People's Daily'', 7 April 2011.</ref>

China is the largest trading partner of nearly all the Southeast Asian countries and one of the region's main sources of [[foreign direct investment]].<ref name=":Han">{{Cite book|last=Han|first=Enze|title=The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia|date=2024|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-769659-0|location=New York, NY}}</ref>{{Rp|page=40}} Over the course of 2008 to 2009, China became the largest trading partner of ASEAN.<ref name=":Han" />{{Rp|page=40}}

==== Cambodia ====
{{main|Cambodia–China relations}}

{{Flagicon|Cambodia}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Indonesia ====
{{main|China–Indonesia relations}}

{{Flagicon|Indonesia}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Malaysia ====
{{main|China–Malaysia relations}}

{{Flagicon|Malaysia}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Myanmar ====
{{main|China–Myanmar relations}}

{{Flagicon|Myanmar}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Philippines ====
{{main|China–Philippines relations}}

{{Flagicon|Philippines}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Singapore ====
{{main|China–Singapore relations}}

{{Flagicon|Singapore}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Thailand ====
{{main|China–Thailand relations}}

{{Flagicon|Thailand}}{{Flagicon|China}}

==== Vietnam ====
{{main|China–Vietnam relations}}

{{Flagicon|Vietnam}}{{Flagicon|China}}