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==== Intelligent life may exist hidden from view ==== Planetary scientist Alan Stern put forward the idea that there could be a number of worlds with subsurface oceans (such as Jupiter's [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] or Saturn's [[Enceladus]]). The surface would provide a large degree of protection from such things as cometary impacts and nearby supernovae, as well as creating a situation in which a much broader range of orbits are acceptable. Life, and potentially intelligence and civilization, could evolve. Stern states, "If they have technology, and let's say they're broadcasting, or they have city lights or whatever—we can't see it in any part of the spectrum, except maybe very-low-frequency [radio]."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.space.com/38577-fermi-paradox-alien-life-buried-oceans.html |title=Where Are All the Intelligent Aliens? Maybe They're Trapped in Buried Oceans |website=Space.com |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=October 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4920203S/abstract An Answer to Fermi’s Paradox In the Prevalence of Ocean Worlds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221201926/https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4920203S/abstract |date=December 21, 2019 }}, S. Alan Stern, American Astronomical Society, Division for Planetary Sciences Meeting Abstracts #49, October 2017. "... We suggest another—namely that the great majority of worlds with biology and civilizations are interior water ocean worlds (WOWs)..."</ref>
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