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== Footnotes == === Citations === {{Reflist|20em|refs= <ref name=alver&selberg>{{illm|Bente Gullveig Alver{{!}}Alver, Bente Gullveig|no|Bente Gullveig Alver}}; Selberg, Torunn (1987),'Folk Medicine as Part of a Larger Concept Complex', Arv, '''43''': 21–44.</ref> <ref name=ashman_rowe>{{citation|last=Ashman Rowe |first=Elizabeth |title=''Sǫgubrot af fornkonungum'': : Mythologised History for Late Thirteenth-century Iceland |editor-last1=Arnold |editor-first1=Martin |editor-last2=Finlay |editor-first2=Alison |work=Making History: Essays on the Fornaldarsögur |publisher=Viking Society for Northern Research |year=2010 |pages=11–12 |url=http://www.vsnrweb-publications.org.uk/fornaldarsogur.pdf#page=9}}</ref> <ref name=cooper><!--Cooper 2016, 97–99.-->{{cite thesis|type=PhD |last=Cooper |first=Victoria Elizabeth |title=Fantasies of the North: Medievalism and Identity in ''Skyrim'' |publisher=University of Leeds |year=2016 |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/16875/}}</ref> <ref name=devreis>{{cite dictionary|last=De Vries |first=Jan |author-link=Jan de Vries (linguist) |title=Álfr |dictionary=Altnordisches etymologisches Wörterbuch |edition=2nd |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=1962}}</ref> <ref name=erixon><!--Erixon (1961), p. 34.-->{{citation|last=Erixon |first=Sigurd |title=Some Examples of Popular Conceptions of Sprites and other Elementals in Sweden during the 19th Century |editor-last=Hultkrantz |editor-first=Åke |work=The Supernatural Owners of Nature: Nordic Symposion on the Religious Conceptions of Ruling Spirits (genii locii, genii speciei) and Allied Concepts |place=Stockholm |publisher=Almqvist & Wiksell |year=1961 |series=Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion, 1|page=34 (34–37)}}</ref> <ref name=frog&roper>{{cite journal|last1=Frog |first1=Etunimetön |last2=Roper |first2=Jonathan |author-link=<!--Etunimetön Frog--> |title=Verses versus the Vanir: Response to Simek's "Vanir Obituary |journal=The Retrospective Methods Network Newsletter |date=May 2011 |pages=29–37 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_2_May_2011.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=grattan&singer><!--John Henry Grafton Grattan-->Grattan, J. H. G.; [[Charles Singer|Singer, Charles]] (1952), ''Anglo-Saxon Magic and Medicine Illustrated Specially from the Semi-Pagan Text 'Lacnunga{{'}}'', Publications of the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, New Series, 3, London: Oxford University Press, frontispiece.</ref> <ref name=hafstein>{{cite journal|last=Hafstein |first=Valdimar Tr. |s2cid=162055463 |author-link=Valdimar Tr. Hafstein |title=The Elves' Point of View ''Cultural Identity in Contemporary Icelandic Elf-Tradition'' |journal=Fabula |volume=41 |issue=1–2 |year=2000 |pages=87–104 (quoting p. 93) |doi=10.1515/fabl.2000.41.1-2.87 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMN%20Newsletter%20DECEMBER%202010.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=huld>{{cite journal|last=Huld |first=Martin E |author-link=<!--Martin E Huld--> |title=On the Heterclitic Declension of Germanic Divinities and the Status of the ''Vanir'' |journal=Studia Indogermanica Lodziensia |volume=2 |year=1998|pages=136–46 }}</ref> <ref name=motz1973>{{cite journal|last=Motz |first=Lotte |title=Of Elves and Dwarves |journal=Arv: Tidskrift för Nordisk Folkminnesforskning |volume=29–30 |year=1973 |page=99 |url=http://heathen.vuya.net/sites/default/files/1973%20Of%20Elves%20and%20Dwarves%20(Motz).pdf }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> <ref name=olrik>{{cite encyclopedia|author-link=Axel Olrik |last=O[lrik] |first=A[xel] |date=1915–1930 |url=https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/7/0143.html |title=Elverfolk |encyclopedia=Salmonsens konversationsleksikon |editor-last=Blangstrup |editor-first=Chr. |display-editors=et al |edition=2nd |volume=VII |pages=133–136}}</ref> <ref name=paul>{{cite book|last=Paul|first=Hermann|author-link=Hermann Paul |title=Grundriss der germanischen philologie unter mitwirkung|publisher=K. J. Trübner|year=1900|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wXcVAAAAYAAJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wXcVAAAAYAAJ/page/n288 268]}}</ref> <ref name=purkiss>{{harvp|Purkiss|2000|pp=85–115}}; Cf. {{harvp|Henderson|Cowan|2001}}; {{harvp|Hall|2005}}.</ref> <ref name=schulz>{{harvp|Hall|2007|p=98, fn. 10}} and {{harvp|Schulz|2000|pp=62–85}} on German evidence.</ref> <ref name=simek2010>{{cite journal|last=Simek |first=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Simek |title=The Vanir: An Obituary |journal=The Retrospective Methods Network Newsletter |date=December 2010 |pages=10–19 |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMN%20Newsletter%20DECEMBER%202010.pdf}}</ref> <ref name=simek2011>{{cite book|last=Simek |first=Rudolf |author-link=Rudolf Simek |editor-last=Anlezark |editor-first=Daniel |chapter=Elves and Exorcism: Runic and Other Lead Amulets in Medieval Popular Religion |title=Myths, Legends, and Heroes: Essays on Old Norse and Old English Literature in Honour of John McKinnell |place=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2011 |pages=25–52 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGPl11DewwgC&pg=PA25 |access-date=2020-09-22 |isbn=978-0-8020-9947-1}}</ref> <ref name=skjold>{{cite journal|last=Olrik |first=Axel |author-link=Axel Olrik |title=Skjoldungasaga in Arngrim Jonssons Udtog |journal=Aarbøger for nordisk oldkyndighed og historie |date=1894 |pages=130–131 |url=https://archive.org/details/1894a95aarbger00norduoft/page/n137/mode/2up}}</ref> <ref name=tangherlini>{{cite journal|last1=Tangherlini|first1=Timothy R.|author-link=<!--Timothy R. Tangherlini--> |title=From Trolls to Turks: Continuity and Change in Danish Legend Tradition |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=67 |issue=1|pages= 32–62|date= 1995|jstor=40919729}}; cf. {{harvp|Ingwersen|1995|pp=78-79, 81}}.</ref> <ref name=tolkien1969>Tolkien, J. R. R., (1969) [1947], "On Fairy-Stories", in ''Tree and Leaf'', Oxford, pp. 4–7 (3–83). (First publ. in ''Essays Presented to Charles Williams'', Oxford, 1947.)</ref> <ref name=weston><!--Weston (1903), p. 144.-->{{citation|last=Weston |first=Jessie Laidlay |author-link=Jessie Weston (scholar) |title=The legends of the Wagner drama: studies in mythology and romance |publisher=C. Scribner's sons |year=1903 |page=144 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OdBNAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA144}}</ref> }} === References === {{Refbegin|30em|indent=yes}} * {{cite journal |last=Þorgeirsson |first=Haukur |title=Álfar í gömlum kveðskap |journal=Són |volume=9 |year=2011 |url=http://hi.is/~haukurth/Haukur_2011_Alfar_Son.pdf |pages=49–61 |language=is }}{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Bergman |first=Jenni |title=The Significant Other: A Literary History of Elves |publisher=University of Cardiff |year=2011 |url=http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55478/ }} * {{cite journal |editor-last=Carlyle |editor-first=Alexander |title=An Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands. Written by the late William Collins |journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh |volume=i |year=1788 |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uytFAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA2-PA68 }} * {{cite book |last=Dumézil |first=Georges |author-link=Georges Dumézil |title=Gods of the Ancient Northmen |publisher=University of California Press |year=1973 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DZIeNMgZhRwC |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DZIeNMgZhRwC/page/n46 3] |isbn=978-0-520-02044-3 }} * {{cite book|last=Edwards |first=Cyril |author-link=<!--Cyril Edwards-->|title=Heinrich von Morungen and the Fairy-Mistress Theme |editor-last=Thomas |editor-first=Neil |work=Celtic and Germanic Themes in European Literature |place=Lewiston, N. Y. |publisher=Mellen |year=1994 |pages=13–30}} * {{cite journal|last=Green |first=Richard Firth |s2cid=201747051 |title=Changing Chaucer |journal=Studies in the Age of Chaucer |volume=25 |year=2003 |pages=27–52 |doi=10.1353/sac.2003.0047}} * {{cite book|last=Green |first=Richard Firth |title=Elf Queens and Holy Friars: Fairy Beliefs and the Medieval Church |place=Philadelphia |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2016}} * {{cite book|author-link1=Jacob Grimm|last1=Grimm |first1=Jacob |author-link2=Wilhelm Grimm|last2=Grimm |first2=Wilhelm |year=1854–1954 |title=Deutsches Wörterbuch |location=Leipzig |publisher=Hirzel}} * [[Jacob Grimm|Grimm, Jacob]] (1835), ''[[Deutsche Mythologie]]''. * {{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|translator=James Steven Stallybrass|title=Teutonic mythology|volume=2|year=1883b|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ektAAAAIAAJ|chapter=XVII. Wights and Elves|pages=439–517}} * {{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|translator=James Steven Stallybrass|title=Teutonic mythology|volume=3|year=1883c|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c8AoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1246|pages=1246ff}} * {{cite book|last=Grimm|first=Jacob|translator=James Steven Stallybrass|title=Teutonic mythology|volume=4|year=1888|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1419|chapter=Supplement|pages=1407–1435}} * {{citation |last=Gunnell |first=Terry |author-link=<!--Terry Gunnell--> |title=How Elvish were the Álfar? |editor-last1=Wawn |editor-first1=Andrew |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Graham |editor-last3=Walter |editor-first3=John |work=Constructing Nations, Reconstructing Myth: Essays in Honour of T. A. Shippey |place=Turnhout |publisher=Brepols |year=2007 |series=Making the Middle Ages, 9 |url=http://www.sagaconference.org/SC13/SC13_Gunnell.pdf |pages=111–30 |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818005408/http://sagaconference.org/SC13/SC13_Gunnell.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite thesis|last=Hall|first=Alaric Timothy Peter|title=The Meanings of Elf and Elves in Medieval England|year=2004|type=PhD|publisher=University of Glasgow|url=http://www.alarichall.org.uk/ahphdful.pdf}} * {{cite journal |last=Hall |first=Alaric |s2cid=53978130 |title=Getting Shot of Elves: Healing, Witchcraft and Fairies in the Scottish Witchcraft Trials |journal=Folklore |volume=116 |number=1 |year=2005 |pages=19–36 |doi=10.1080/0015587052000337699 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/3081/1/getting_shot1.pdf }} [http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/5597 Eprints.whiterose.ac.uk]. * {{cite journal |last=Hall |first=Alaric |s2cid=161779788 |title=Elves on the Brain: Chaucer, Old English and ''Elvish'' |journal=Anglia: Zeitschrift für Englische Philologie |volume=124 |issue=2 |year=2006 |pages=225–243 |doi=10.1515/ANGL.2006.225 |url=http://www.alarichall.org.uk/Hall_2006_Anglia.pdf }} * {{cite book|last=Hall|first=Alaric|title=Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-84383-294-2}} * {{cite journal |last=Hall |first=Alaric |date=February 2008 |title=Hoe Keltisch zijn elfen eigenlijk? |trans-title=How Celtic are the Fairies? |journal=Kelten |volume=37 |pages=2–5 |url=http://alarichall.org.uk/hoe_keltisch_zijn_elfen_eigenlijk_english.php |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104429/http://alarichall.org.uk/hoe_keltisch_zijn_elfen_eigenlijk_english.php |archive-date=10 October 2017 |url-status=dead |language=nl }} * {{cite journal |last=Hall |first=Alaric |title="Þur sarriþu þursa trutin": Monster-Fighting and Medicine in Early Medieval Scandinavia |journal=Asclepio: Revista de Historia de la Medicina y de la Ciencia |volume=61 |issue=1 |date=2009 |pages=195–218 |url=http://asclepio.revistas.csic.es/index.php/asclepio/issue/view/28 |doi=10.3989/asclepio.2009.v61.i1.278 |pmid=19753693 |doi-access=free }} * {{citation |last=Hall |first=Alaric |article=Elves |title=The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters |editor-last=Weinstock |editor-first=Jeffrey Andrew |publisher=Ashgate |date=2014 |url=http://alarichall.org.uk/ashgate_encyclopedia_elves.pdf |access-date=26 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212211103/http://www.alarichall.org.uk/ashgate_encyclopedia_elves.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2016 |url-status=dead }} * {{citation |last=Hall |first=Alaric |url=https://www.academia.edu/7309991 |title=Why aren't there any elves in Hellisgerði any more? Elves and the 2008 Icelandic Financial Crisis', working paper |date=2015 }} * {{citation|last=Harris |first=Ian Charles |title=Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawai'i Press |date=2005}} * {{cite book|last1=Henderson |first1=Lizanne |last2=Cowan|first2=Edward J. |title=Scottish Fairy Belief: A History |place=East Linton |publisher=Tuckwell |year=2001}} * {{citation|last=Henningsen |first=Gustav |article='The Ladies from Outside': An Archaic Pattern of the Witches' Sabbath'|title=Early Modern European Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries |editor1-last=Ankarloo |editor1-first=Bengt |editor2-last=Henningsen |editor2-first=Gustav |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1990 |pages=191–215}} * {{cite journal|last=Ingwersen |first=Niels |title=The Need for Narrative: The Folktale as Response to History |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=67 |issue=1 |date=1995 |pages=77–90 |jstor=40919731}} * {{cite journal|last=Jakobsson |first=Ármann |author-link=:is:Ármann Jakobsson |title=The Extreme Emotional Life of Völundr the Elf |journal=Scandinavian Studies |volume=78 |issue=3 |year=2006 |pages=227–254 |jstor=40920693}} * {{cite journal|last=Jakobsson |first=Ármann |title=Beware of the Elf! A Note on the Evolving Meaning of ''Álfar'' |journal=Folklore |volume=126 |issue=2 |year=2015 |pages=215–223 |doi=10.1080/0015587X.2015.1023511 |s2cid=161909641}} * {{cite book|last=Jolly|first=Karen Louise|contribution=Magic, Miracle, and Popular Practice in the Early Medieval West: Anglo-Saxon England|page=172|editor-last=Neusner|editor-first=Jacob|editor-link=Jacob Neusner|editor2-last=Frerichs|editor2-first=Ernest S.|editor-last3=Flesher|editor-first3=Paul Virgil McCracken|title=Religion, Science, and Magic: In Concert and in Conflict|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1992|isbn=978-0-19-507911-1|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=66FpnVdFlBMC&pg=PA172}} * {{cite book|last=Jolly|first=Karen Louise|title=Popular Religion in Late Saxon England: Elf Charms in Context|place=Chapel Hill|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0PXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=978-0-8078-2262-3}} * {{cite book |last=Jolly |first=Karen Louise |chapter=Elves in the Psalms? The Experience of Evil from a Cosmic Perspective |editor-last=Ferreiro |editor-first=Alberto |editor-last2=Russell |editor-first2=Jeffrey Burton |title=The Devil, Heresy and Witchcraft in the Middle Ages: Essays in Honor of Jeffrey B. Russell |place=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=1998 |series=Cultures, Beliefs and Traditions |volume=6 |pages=19–44 |isbn=978-9-0041-0610-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyNi3V1NKy0C&pg=PA19 }} * {{cite dictionary|last1=Karg-Gasterstädt|first1=Elisabeth |author-link=:de:Elisabeth Karg-Gasterstädt |last2=Frings |first2=Theodor |author-link2=:de:Theodor Frings |title=Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch |date=1968 |place=Berlin }} * {{cite book|last=Keightley|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Keightley|title=The Fairy Mythology|volume=1|publisher=H. G. Bohn|year=1850|orig-year=1828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3cByu3_ZtaAC}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=3cByu3_ZtaAC Vol.2] * {{cite journal|last=Kuhn|first=Adalbert|author-link=Adalbert Kuhn|title=Die sprachvergleichung und die urgeschichte der indogermanischen völker|journal=Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Sprachforschung|volume=4|year=1855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvRTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA110}}. * {{citation|last=Leppälahti |first=Merja |author-link=:fi:Merja Leppälahti |title=Meeting Between Species: Nonhuman Creatures from Folklore as Character of Fantasy Literature|journal=Traditiones|volume=40|issue=3 |date=2011 |pages=169–77|doi=10.3986/Traditio2011400312|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|last=Motz |first=Lotte |author-link=Lotte Motz |title=The Wise One of the Mountain: Form, Function and Significance of the Subterranean Smith. A Study in Folklore |series=Göppinger Arbeiten zur Germanistik |volume=379 |place=Göppingen |publisher=Kümmerle |year=1983 |pages=29–37|isbn=9783874525985 }} *{{Cite book|last=Orel|first=Vladimir E.|url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofgerman0000orel|title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology|year=2003|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-12875-0|author-link=Vladimir Orel|url-access=registration}} * {{citation|last=Pócs |first=Éva |author-link=Éva Pócs |title=Fairies and Witches at the Boundary of South-Eastern and Central Europe|publisher=Folklore Fellows Communications 243|location=Helsinki|date=1989}} *{{cite book|last=Purkiss |first=Diane|author-link=Diane Purkiss|title=Troublesome Things: A History of Fairies and Fairy Stories|publisher=Allen Lane |year=2000}}. * {{cite book|last=Schrader|first=Otto|author-link=Otto Schrader (philologist)|others=Frank Byron Jevons (tr.)|title=Prehistoric Antiquities of the Aryan Peoples|publisher=Charles Griffin & Company|year=1890|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107733/page/n183 163]|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107733}}. * {{cite book|last=Schulz |first=Monika |year=2000 |title=Magie oder: Die Wiederherstellung der Ordnung |series=Beiträge zur Europäischen Ethnologie und Folklore, Reihe A: Texte und Untersuchungen |volume=5 |publisher=Frankfurt am Main: Lang}} * {{cite book|last=Scott|first=Walter|author-link=Sir Walter Scott|title=Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border|publisher=James Ballantyne|volume=2|year=1803|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQwUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA266}} * {{cite journal|last=Shippey |first=T. A. |author-link=Tom Shippey|title=Light-elves, Dark-elves, and Others: Tolkien's Elvish Problem|journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=1 |issue=1 |year=2004|pages=1–15 |doi=10.1353/tks.2004.0015|doi-access=free}} * {{citation|last=Shippey |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Shippey |title=Alias oves habeo: The Elves as a Category Problem |work=The Shadow-Walkers: Jacob Grimm's Mythology of the Monstrous |place=Tempe, AZ |publisher=Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies in collaboration with Brepols |year=2005 |pages=157–187|series= Medieval and Renaissance Texts and Studies, 291 / Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, 14}} * {{cite book|last=Spence|first=Lewis|author-link=Lewis Spence|title=British Fairy Origins|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77103|publisher=Watts|year=1946}} * {{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Taylor |first=Lynda |author-link=<!--Lynda Taylor--> |title=The Cultural Significance of Elves in Northern European Balladry |publisher=University of Leeds |year=2014 |url=http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8759/ }} * {{cite book|last=Tolley |first=Clive |author-link=<!--Clive Tolley--> |title=Shamanism in Norse Myth and Magic |place=Helsinki |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |year=2009 |pages=296–297 |series=Folklore Fellows' Communications |postscript=, 2 volumes.}} * {{citation|last=West|first=Martin Litchfield|author-link=Martin Litchfield West|title=Indo-European Poetry and Myth|date=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-928075-9}} {{Refend}} <!--== Further reading ==--><!--not sure why this unused item is here, the article is heavily sourced already--> <!-- * Goodrich, Jean N. "Fairy, Elves and the Enchanted Otherworld". In: ''Handbook of Medieval Culture'' Volume 1. Edited by Albrecht Classen. Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015. pp. 431-464. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110267303-022-->
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