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==References== {{Reflist|refs= <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Kingsley|first=E.P.|display-authors=etal|date=2018|title=Identity and novelty in the avian syrinx|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=41|pages=10109–10217|doi=10.1073/pnas.1804586115|pmid=30249637|pmc=6187200|bibcode=2018PNAS..11510209K |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Yoshida |first1=Junki |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Yoshitsugu |last3=Norell |first3=Mark A. |date=2023-02-15 |title=An ankylosaur larynx provides insights for bird-like vocalization in non-avian dinosaurs |journal=Communications Biology |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |page=152 |doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04513-x |pmid=36792659 |pmc=9932143 |issn=2399-3642}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last=Riede|first=T.|date=2019 |title=The evolution of the syrinx: an acoustic theory |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=17|issue=2|pages=e2006507 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2006507|pmid=30730882|pmc=6366696 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=AF02>{{cite journal |last=Feduccia |first=Alan |author-link=Alan Feduccia |date=October 1, 2002 |title=Birds are Dinosaurs: Simple Answer to a Complex Problem |url=https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/119/4/1187/5562157 |journal=[[The Auk]] |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[American Ornithological Society|American Ornithologists' Union]] |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=1187–1201 |doi=10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1187:BADSAT]2.0.CO;2 |doi-broken-date=April 14, 2025 |issn=0004-8038 |jstor=4090252 |access-date=November 3, 2019 |s2cid=86096746 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729224702/https://academic.oup.com/auk/article/119/4/1187/5562157 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=AF04>{{harvnb|Weishampel|Dodson|Osmólska|2004|pp=672–684|loc=chpt. 30: "Dinosaur Extinction" by J. David Archibald and David E. Fastovsky.}}</ref> <ref name=alexander2006>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=R. McNeill |author-link=Robert McNeill Alexander |year=2006 |title=Dinosaur biomechanics |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |location=London |publisher=Royal Society |volume=273 |issue=1596 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2006.3532 |issn=0962-8452 |pmid=16822743|pages=1849–1855 |pmc=1634776}}</ref> <ref name="alvarez1997">{{harvnb|Alvarez|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/trexcraterofdoo000alva/page/130 130–146]|loc=chpt. 7: "The World after Chicxulub".}}</ref> <ref name="alvarez1980">{{cite journal |last1=Alvarez |first1=L.W. |author1-link=Luis Walter Alvarez |last2=Alvarez |first2=W. |author2-link=Walter Alvarez |last3=Asaro |first3=F. |author3-link=Frank Asaro |last4=Michel |first4=H.V. |author4-link=Helen Vaughn Michel |year=1980 |title=Extraterrestrial Cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction |url=http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/soc26/bak-sneppan/13_alverez.pdf |journal=Science |volume=208 |issue=4448 |pages=1095–1108 |bibcode=1980Sci...208.1095A |citeseerx=10.1.1.126.8496 |doi=10.1126/science.208.4448.1095 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=17783054 |s2cid=16017767 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100708202457/http://chaos.swarthmore.edu/courses/soc26/bak-sneppan/13_alverez.pdf |archive-date=July 8, 2010 |access-date=October 30, 2019}}</ref> <ref name=AMNH>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/fightingdinos/ex-fd.html |title=The Fighting Dinosaurs |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118062252/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/fightingdinos/ex-fd.html |archive-date=January 18, 2012 |access-date=December 5, 2007}}</ref> <!--<ref name=AmosBBC>{{cite news |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |date=September 17, 2008 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7620621.stm |url-status=live |title=Will the real dinosaurs stand up? |work=[[BBC News]] |location=London |publisher=[[BBC]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918080020/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7620621.stm |archive-date=September 18, 2008 |access-date=October 16, 2019}}</ref>--> <ref name=anchiadvance>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Xing |last2=Zhao |first2=Qi |last3=Norell |first3=Mark |last4=Sullivan |first4=Corwin |last5=Hone |first5=David |last6=Erickson |first6=Gregory |author6-link=Gregory M. Erickson |last7=Wang |first7=XiaoLin |last8=Han |first8=FengLu |last9=Guo |first9=Yu |display-authors=3 |title=A new feathered maniraptoran dinosaur fossil that fills a morphological gap in avian origin |date=February 2008 |journal=[[Science Bulletin|Chinese Science Bulletin]] |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier on behalf of Science in China Press |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=430–435 |doi=10.1007/s11434-009-0009-6 |s2cid=53445386 |issn=1001-6538|doi-access=free |bibcode=2009SciBu..54..430X }}</ref> <ref name=BBCdinobonemed>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=July 6, 2007 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6276948.stm |url-status=live |title=Dinosaur bones 'used as medicine' |work=BBC News |location=London |publisher=BBC |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827184635/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6276948.stm |archive-date=August 27, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2019}}</ref> <ref name=BBCtracks>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Neil D. L. |last2=Booth |first2=Paul |last3=Booth |first3=Claire L. |last4=Ross |first4=Dugald A. |display-authors=3 |year=2004 |title=Dinosaur footprints from the Duntulm Formation (Bathonian, Jurassic) of the Isle of Skye |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4496/1/4496.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Geological Society of Glasgow|Scottish Journal of Geology]] |location=London |publisher=[[Geological Society of London]] |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=13–21 |doi=10.1144/sjg40010013 |bibcode=2004ScJG...40...13C |s2cid=128544813 |issn=0036-9276 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722081936/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/4496/1/4496.pdf |archive-date=July 22, 2013 |access-date=December 12, 2019}}</ref> <ref name=bleakhouse>{{harvnb|Dickens|1853|p=[https://archive.org/details/bleakhouse00dick/page/n37 1]|loc=chpt. I: "''London. Michaelmas Term lately over, and the Lord Chancellor sitting in Lincoln's Inn Hall. Implacable November weather. As much mud in the streets, as if the waters had but newly retired from the face of the earth, and it would not be wonderful to meet a Megalosaurus, forty feet long or so, waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill.''"}}</ref> <ref name=breithaupt1997>{{harvnb|Currie|Padian|1997|pp=347–350|loc="History of Dinosaur Discoveries: First Golden Period" by Brent H. Breithaupt.}}</ref> <ref name="brusatte2012">{{harvnb|Brusatte|2012|p=83}}</ref> <ref name="B012">{{harvnb|Brusatte|2012|pp=9–20, 21}}</ref> <ref name=buckland1824>{{cite journal |last=Buckland |first=William |author-link=William Buckland |year=1824 |title=Notice on the Megalosaurus or great Fossil Lizard of Stonesfield |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1448577 |url-status=live |journal=Transactions of the Geological Society of London |location=London |publisher=Geological Society of London |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=390–396 |doi=10.1144/transgslb.1.2.390 |s2cid=129920045 |issn=2042-5295 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021214509/https://zenodo.org/record/1448577/files/article.pdf |archive-date=October 21, 2019 |access-date=November 5, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="butler&zhao2009">{{cite journal |last1=Butler |first1=Richard J. |last2=Zhao |first2=Qi |date=February 2009 |title=The small-bodied ornithischian dinosaurs ''Micropachycephalosaurus hongtuyanensis'' and ''Wannanosaurus yansiensis'' from the Late Cretaceous of China |journal=[[Cretaceous Research]] |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=63–77 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2008.03.002 |bibcode=2009CrRes..30...63B |issn=0195-6671}}</ref> <ref name=carpenter1998>{{cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth |year=1998 |title=Evidence of predatory behavior by theropod dinosaurs |url=http://www.arca.museus.ul.pt/ArcaSite/obj/gaia/MNHNL-0000778-MG-DOC-web.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926134333/http://www.arca.museus.ul.pt/ArcaSite/obj/gaia/MNHNL-0000778-MG-DOC-web.PDF |archive-date=2013-09-26 |url-status=live |journal=Gaia: Revista de Geociências |location=Lisbon |publisher=National Museum of Natural History and Science |volume=15 |pages=135–144 |issn=0871-5424}}</ref> <ref name=CH04>{{harvnb|Weishampel|Dodson|Osmólska|2004|pp=643–659|loc=chpt. 28: "Physiology of Nonavian Dinosaurs" by Anusuya Chinsamy and Willem J. Hillenius.}}</ref> <ref name=chatterjee2007>{{cite journal |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Sankar |author1-link=Sankar Chatterjee |last2=Templin |first2=R. Jack |year=2007 |title=Biplane wing planform and flight performance of the feathered dinosaur ''Microraptor gui'' |url=https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/104/5/1576.full.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=5 |pages=1576–1580 |pmc=1780066 |pmid=17242354 |bibcode=2007PNAS..104.1576C |doi=10.1073/pnas.0609975104 |issn=0027-8424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818174156/https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/104/5/1576.full.pdf |archive-date=August 18, 2019 |access-date=October 29, 2019|doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=clarketal2004>{{harvnb|Weishampel|Dodson|Osmólska|2004|pp=151–164|loc=chpt. 7: "Therizinosauroidea" by James M. Clark, [[Teresa Maryańska]], and [[Rinchen Barsbold]].}}</ref><ref name="Clarke2016">{{cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Julia A. |author1-link=Julia Clarke |last2=Chatterjee |first2=Sankar |last3=Zhiheng |first3=Li |last4=Riede |first4=Tobias |last5=Agnolin |first5=Federico |last6=Goller |first6=Franz |last7=Isasi |first7=Marcelo P. |last8=Martinioni |first8=Daniel R. |last9=Mussel |first9=Francisco J. |last10=Novas |first10=Fernando E. |author10-link=Fernando Novas |display-authors=3 |year=2016 |title=Fossil evidence of the avian vocal organ from the Mesozoic |journal=Nature |location=London |publisher=Nature Research |volume=538 |issue=7626 |pages=502–505 |doi=10.1038/nature19852 |pmid=27732575 |bibcode=2016Natur.538..502C |s2cid=4389926 |issn=0028-0836|hdl=11336/64786 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=Day2002>{{cite journal |last1=Day |first1=Julia J. |last2=Upchurch |first2=Paul |last3=Norman |first3=David B. |last4=Gale |first4=Andrew S. |last5=Powell |first5=H. Philip |display-authors=3 |year=2002 |title=Sauropod Trackways, Evolution, and Behavior |journal=Science |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=296 |issue=5573 |page=1659 |doi=10.1126/science.1070167 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=12040187|s2cid=36530770 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/15083/files/PAL_E2344.pdf }}</ref> <ref name=DFG97>{{harvnb|Glut|1997|p=40}}</ref> <ref name=DFGlut1997>{{harvnb|Farlow|Brett-Surman|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253333490/page/675 675–697]|loc=chpt. 43: "Dinosaurs and the Media" by [[Donald F. Glut]] and M.K. 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Wilson |last6=Lyon |first6=Gabrielle H. |display-authors=3 |year=2008 |title=Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality |url=https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app53/APP53-567.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Acta Palaeontologica Polonica]] |location=[[Warsaw]] |publisher=Institute of Paleobiology, [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=567–578 |doi=10.4202/app.2008.0402 |s2cid=21736244 |issn=0567-7920 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330032513/https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app53/APP53-567.pdf |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |access-date=May 6, 2011}}</ref> <ref name=EC68>{{harvnb|Colbert|1971}}</ref> <ref name="fassett2009">{{cite journal |last1=Fassett |first1=J.E. |last2=Heaman |first2=L.M. |last3=Simonetti |first3=A. |year=2009 |title=New geochronologic and stratigraphic evidence confirms the Paleocene age of the dinosaur-bearing Ojo Alamo Sandstone and Animas Formation in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico and Colorado |journal=Palaeontologia Electronica |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=3A |url=https://palaeo-electronica.org/2009_1/149/index.html |archive-date=March 18, 2021 |access-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318001522/https://palaeo-electronica.org/2009_1/149/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="fassett2011">{{cite journal |last1=Fassett |first1=J.E. |last2=Heaman |first2=L.M. |last3=Simonetti |first3=A. |year=2011 |title=Direct U–Pb dating of Cretaceous and Paleocene dinosaur bones, San Juan Basin, New Mexico |journal=Geology |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=159–162 |bibcode=2011Geo....39..159F |doi=10.1130/G31466.1 |issn=0091-7613}}</ref> <ref name=FBS97>{{harvnb|Farlow|Brett-Surman|1997|pp=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780253333490/page/n12 ix–xi]|loc=Preface, "Dinosaurs: The Terrestrial Superlative" by James O. 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J. Holland and the Sprawling Sauropods |last=Celeskey |first=Matt |year=2005 |website=The Hairy Museum of Natural History |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612180650/http://www.hmnh.org/library/diplodocus/holland1910.html |archive-date=June 12, 2011 |access-date=October 18, 2019}} * {{cite journal |last=Holland |first=William J. |author-link=William Jacob Holland |date=May 1910 |title=A Review of Some Recent Criticisms of the Restorations of Sauropod Dinosaurs Existing in the Museums of the United States, with Special Reference to that of ''Diplodocus Carnegiei'' in the Carnegie Museum |url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-2455581 |journal=[[The American Naturalist]] |publisher=[[American Society of Naturalists]] |volume=44 |issue=521 |pages=259–283 |issn=0003-0147 |access-date=October 18, 2019|doi=10.1086/279138 |bibcode=1910ANat...44..258H |s2cid=84424110 }} * The arguments and many of the images are also presented in {{harvnb|Desmond|1975}}.</ref> <ref name=Holmes>{{harvnb|Holmes|1998}}</ref> <ref name=Holtz2007>{{harvnb|Holtz|2007}}</ref> <ref name=huxley1868>{{cite journal |last=Huxley |first=Thomas H. |author-link=Thomas Henry Huxley |year=1868 |title=On the Animals which are most nearly intermediate between Birds and Reptiles |url=https://archive.org/details/cbarchive_51934_ontheanimalswhicharemostnearly1840/page/n1 |journal=[[Journal of Natural History|The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]] |location=London |publisher=Taylor & Francis |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=66–75 |access-date=October 31, 2019}}</ref> <ref name=JF93>{{harvnb|Dodson|Gingerich|1993|pp=[http://earth.geology.yale.edu/~ajs/1993/11.1993.06Farlow.pdf 167–199]|loc="On the rareness of big, fierce animals: speculations about the body sizes, population densities, and geographic ranges of predatory mammals and large carnivorous dinosaurs" by James O. 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