Editing Cultural Revolution (section)

=== Massacres ===
[[File:Quotations from Chairman Mao Zedong in Wuxuan 2.jpg|thumb|Quotations of Mao Zedong on a street wall of [[Wuxuan County]], one of the centers of the Guangxi Massacre]]

Massacres took place across China, including in [[Guangxi Massacre|Guangxi]], [[Inner Mongolia incident|Inner Mongolia]], [[Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre|Guangdong]], [[Yunnan Cultural Revolution Massacre (disambiguation)|Yunnan]], [[Hunan Cultural Revolution Massacre (disambiguation)|Hunan]], [[Ruijin Massacre|Ruijin]], and [[Qinghai 223 Incident|Qinghai]], as well as [[Red August]] in Beijing.<ref name="Song-2011a">{{Cite web |last=Song |first=Yongyi |author-link=Song Yongyi |date=25 August 2011 |title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) |url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114034126/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html |archive-date=2024-01-14 |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=[[Sciences Po]] }}</ref><ref name="Wang-2001" />

These massacres were mainly led and organized by local revolutionary committees, Communist Party branches, militia, and the military.<ref name="Song-2011a" /><ref name="Song-2002">{{Cite book |last=Song |first=Yongyi |author-link=Song Yongyi |title= |publisher=Open Magazine |year=2002 |isbn=978-9627934097 |location=Hong Kong |script-title=zh:文革大屠杀 |trans-title=Massacres during the Cultural Revolution}}</ref><ref name="Yang-2006" /> Most victims were members of the [[Five Black Categories]] as well as their children, or members of "rebel groups". Chinese scholars have estimated that at least 300,000 people died in these massacres.<ref name="Song-2002" /><ref name="Yang-2017">{{Cite book |last=Yang |first=Jisheng |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=4d4qDwAAQBAJ |page=524}} |script-title=zh:天地翻覆—中国文化大革命史 |year=2017 |publisher=Cosmos Books |location=Hong Kong |language=zh |author-link=Yang Jisheng (journalist)}}</ref> Collective killings in [[Guangxi]] and [[Guangdong]] were among the most serious. In Guangxi, the official annals of at least 43 counties have records of massacres, with 15 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000, while in Guangdong at least 28 county annals record massacres, with 6 of them reporting a death toll of over 1,000.<ref name="Yang-2006">{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Su |year=2006 |title= |script-title=zh:'文革' 中的集体屠杀：三省研究 |trans-title=Collective killings in the Cultural Revolution: a study of three provinces |url=https://www.modernchinastudies.org/cn/issues/past-issues/93-mcs-2006-issue-3/974-2012-01-05-15-35-10.html |journal=[[Modern China Studies]] |language=zh |volume=3}}</ref>

Official sources in 1980 revealed that, during the Red August, at least 1,772 people were killed by Red Guards, including teachers and principals of many schools, meanwhile 33,695 homes were ransacked and 85,196 families were forced to flee.<ref name="Wang-2001" /><ref name="Jian-2015">{{Cite book |last1=Jian |first1=Guo |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=k9NQCgAAQBAJ |page=86}} |title=Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Cultural Revolution |last2=Song |first2=Yongyi |author-link2=Song Yongyi |last3=Zhou |first3=Yuan |date=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-5172-4}}</ref><ref name="NPR-2014">{{Cite news |last1=Kuhn |first1=Anthony |date=2014-02-04 |title=Chinese Red Guards Apologize, Reopening A Dark Chapter |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2014/01/23/265228870/chinese-red-guards-apologize-reopening-a-dark-chapter |access-date=14 February 2020 |website=NPR}}</ref> The [[Daxing Massacre]] in rural Beijing caused the deaths of 325 people from 27 August to 1 September 1966; those killed ranged from 80 years old to a 38-day old baby, with 22 families being completely wiped out.<ref name="Song-2011a" /><ref name="Jian-2015" /><ref name="Yu-2020">{{Cite web |last1=Yu |first1=Luowen |title=文革时期北京大兴县大屠杀调查 |trans-title=An investigation of the Daxing Massacre in Beijing during the Cultural Revolution |url=http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=2464 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804162846/http://mjlsh.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/Book.aspx?cid=4&tid=2464 |archive-date=2016-08-04 |access-date= |website=[[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] |language=zh}}</ref>

In [[Dao County]], Hunan, a total of 7,696 people were killed [[Daoxian massacre|from 13 August to 17 October 1967]], in addition to 1,397 forced to commit suicide, and 2,146 becoming permanently disabled.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Tan |first1=Hecheng |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=0QCDDQAAQBAJ |page=20}} |title=The Killing Wind: A Chinese County's Descent Into Madness During the Cultural Revolution |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-062252-7 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Jiang |first=Fangzhou |author-link=Jiang Fangzhou |date=November 9, 2012 |title= |script-title=zh:发生在湖南道县的那场大屠杀 |url=https://cn.nytimes.com/culture/20121108/cc08jiangfangzhou/ |access-date=December 5, 2019 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |language=zh}}</ref> 

In the [[Guangxi Massacre]], [[Secret Archives about the Cultural Revolution in Guangxi|the official record]] shows an estimated death toll from 100,000 to 150,000 as well as [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]] primarily between 1967 and 1968 in Guangxi,<ref name="RFA-2016">{{Cite web |title=Interview: 'People Were Eaten by The Revolutionary Masses' |url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/china-cultrev-04292016134149.html |access-date=30 November 2019 |website=Radio Free Asia|date=29 April 2016 }}</ref><ref name="Yan">{{Cite web |last1=Yan |first1=Lebin |script-title=zh:我参与处理广西文革遗留问题 |url=http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124094818/http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html |archive-date=24 November 2020 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=[[Yanhuang Chunqiu]] |language=zh}}</ref> where one of the worst violent struggles of the Revolution took place, before Zhou sent the PLA to intervene.<ref name="Chang">{{cite book |last1=Chang |first1=Jung |title=Mao: The Unknown Story |last2=Halliday |first2=Jon |publisher=Knopf |year=2005 |isbn=0679422714}}</ref>{{rp|545}}

In 1975, the PLA led [[Shadian incident|a massacre]] in [[Yunnan]] around the town of Shadian, targeting [[Hui people]], resulting in the deaths of more than 1,600 civilians, including 300 children, and the destruction of 4,400 homes.<ref name="Song-2011a" /><ref name="Zhou-1999">{{Cite book |last1=Zhou |first1=Yongming |url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=8Rv-MsA4UGIC |page=162}} |title=Anti-drug Crusades in Twentieth-century China: Nationalism, History, and State Building |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8476-9598-0}}</ref><ref name="Liang-2018">{{Cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=China's Puzzling Islam Policy |url=https://stanfordpolitics.org/2018/11/26/chinas-puzzling-islam-policy/ |access-date=27 December 2019 |website=Stanford Politics |last1=Liang |first1=Wilson }}</ref>