Editing Chinese Americans (section)

=== Studies on the genetics of Chinese Americans ===
A research on the whole genome patterns of common DNA variation in different human populations (African-American, Asian-American and European American) finds some common [[single-nucleotide polymorphism]]s (SNPs) in these three populations with diverse ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hinds |first1=David A. |last2=Stuve |first2=Laura L. |last3=Nilsen |first3=Geoffrey B. |last4=Halperin |first4=Eran |last5=Eskin |first5=Eleazar |last6=Ballinger |first6=Dennis G. |last7=Frazer |first7=Kelly A. |last8=Cox |first8=David R. |title=Whole-Genome Patterns of Common DNA Variation in Three Human Populations |journal=Science |date=18 February 2005 |volume=307 |issue=5712 |pages=1072–1079 |doi=10.1126/science.1105436 |pmid=15718463 |bibcode=2005Sci...307.1072H |citeseerx=10.1.1.115.3580 |s2cid=27107073 }}</ref> In the samples of Han Chinese in America, 74% of the total SNPs have two alleles, and majority of the segregating SNPs have a [[minor allele frequency]] (MAF) greater than 10%. Another noticeable point is that MAFs show similar distributions in European-American and Han Chinese populations. Besides, rarer haplotype is found to be absent in the samples of Han Chinese, and they also possess a high level of redundancy.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}

A study analyzing East Asian Genetic Substructure using genome-wide SNP arrays is carried out with greater than 200,000 genotypes from people of East Asian ancestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tian |first1=Chao |last2=Kosoy |first2=Roman |last3=Lee |first3=Annette |last4=Ransom |first4=Michael |last5=Belmont |first5=John W. |last6=Gregersen |first6=Peter K. |last7=Seldin |first7=Michael F. |title=Analysis of East Asia Genetic Substructure Using Genome-Wide SNP Arrays |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 December 2008 |volume=3 |issue=12 |pages=e3862 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0003862 |pmid=19057645 |pmc=2587696 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.3862T |doi-access=free }}</ref> The continental populations are from the Human Genome Diversity Panel (Cambodian, Yi, Daur, Mongolian, Lahu, Dai, Hezhen, Miaozu, Naxi, Oroqen, She, Tu, Tujia, Naxi, Xibo, and Yakut), HapMap (Han Chinese and Japanese), as well as East Asian or East Asian-American subjects of Vietnamese, Korean, Filipino and Chinese ancestry. A clear understanding of the genetic substructure of any population helps in the studies of complex diseases, as well as the design and execution of association tests. Results of this study have identified markers that can not only reduce type 1 errors in future genetic disease studies, but also identify homogeneous groups and hence make this study more powerful.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The group of Chinese Americans in the same study consists of subjects with origins from North China, South China and Taiwan. This group is paired with Han Chinese from Beijing, and results indicate that the population differentiation values was small (<0.0025). There is substantially less genetic substructure between Han Chinese and Chinese American, compared with that between Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean groups, yet there is still a substructure in principal component, according to the split half reliability test.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Another study aiming to estimate cardiometabolic risk profile of Chinese adults with diabetes is also useful to reveal the personal genomics of Chinese Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ding |first1=Lin |last2=Xu |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Limin |last4=Xu |first4=Min |last5=Jiang |first5=Yong |last6=Zhang |first6=Mei |last7=Li |first7=Yichong |last8=Lu |first8=Jieli |last9=Wang |first9=Tiange |last10=Dai |first10=Meng |last11=Zhang |first11=Di |last12=Wang |first12=Weiqing |last13=Zhao |first13=Wenhua |last14=Wang |first14=Linhong |last15=Bi |first15=Yufang |last16=Ning |first16=Guang |author17=2010 China Non-communicable Disease Surveillance Group |title=The cardiometabolic risk profile of Chinese adults with diabetes: A nationwide cross-sectional survey |journal=Journal of Diabetes and Its Complications |date=January 2017 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |doi=10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.10.023 |pmid=27838099 }}</ref> In this study, all subjects are over 18 years old and non-institutionalized. Results derived from a complex, multistage, probability sampling design show that 12,607 out of 98,658 Chinese adults are suffering from diabetes, based on the criteria of 2010 American Diabetes Association. In addition, the study reaches a conclusion that for those Chinese adults defined with diabetes, cardiometabolic risk factors are highly prevalent, including metabolic syndrome, systolic blood pressure that is higher than 140mmHg, low fruit and vegetable intake, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol that is higher than 110&nbsp;mg/dL.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}