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Carl Friedrich Gauss
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== Selected writings == === Mathematics and astronomy === [[File:GauĂ-Denkmal - Braunschweig, Germany - DSC04436.JPG|thumb|upright|Statue of Gauss in [[Braunschweig|Brunswick]] (1880), made by [[Hermann Heinrich Howaldt]], designed by [[Fritz Schaper]]]] * 1799: {{Cite book | title = Demonstratio nova theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse | trans-title = New proof of the theorem that every integral algebraic function of one variable can be resolved into real factors of the first or second degree | publisher = C. G. Fleckeisen | place = Helmstedt | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.469%2C%22y%22%3A0.692%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.422%7D }} (Doctoral thesis on the fundamental theorem of algebra, University of Helmstedt) [https://edoc.hu-berlin.de/handle/18452/732 Original book] * 1816: {{cite journal | title = Demonstratio nova altera theorematis omnem functionem algebraicam rationalem integram unius variabilis in factores reales primi vel secundi gradus resolvi posse | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 107â134 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B37%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.498%2C%22y%22%3A0.444%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.657%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B268%2C269%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] * 1816: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis de resolubilitate functionum algebraicarum integrarum in factores reales demonstratio tertia | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 135â142 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B63%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.471%2C%22y%22%3A0.444%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.657%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B296%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] * 1850: {{cite journal | title = BeitrĂ€ge zur Theorie der algebraischen Gleichungen | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen | volume = 4 | pages = 34â35 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B77%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.452%2C%22y%22%3A1.019%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0004?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B287%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (Lecture from 1849) ** {{Cite book | title = Die vier Gauss'schen Beweise fĂŒr die Zerlegung ganzer algebraischer Funktionen in reelle Faktoren ersten und zweiten Grades. (1799â1849) | translator-last = [[Eugen Netto|Netto]] | trans-title = The four Gaussian proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra | publisher = Wilhelm Engelmann | place = Leipzig | year = 1890 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoW4AAAAIAAJ/mode/2up}} (German) * 1800: {{cite journal | title = Berechnung des Osterfestes | trans-title = Calculation of Easter | journal = Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmelskunde | volume = 2 | pages = 121â130 | language = de | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236007467?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B77%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.406%2C%22y%22%3A0.752%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.381%7D}} [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpvolume_00201970 Original] * 1801: {{Cite book | title = Disquisitiones Arithmeticae | publisher = Gerh. Fleischer jun. | place = Leipzig | url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235993352?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} ** {{Cite book | title = Disquisitiones Arithmeticae & other papers on number theory | translator-last = Clarke | translator-first = Arthur A. | publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | place = New York | year = 1986 | isbn = 978-0-387-96254-2 | doi = 10.1007/978-1-4939-7560-0 | edition = 2nd, corrected | url = https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4939-7560-0#about-this-book | last1 = Gauss | first1 = Carl Friedrich }} (translated from the [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.154.3749.642.b second German edition, Göttingen 1860]) * 1802: {{cite journal | title = Berechnung des jĂŒdischen Osterfestes | trans-title = Calculation of Jewish Easter | journal = Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmelskunde | volume = 5 | pages = 435â437 | language = de | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236007467?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B84%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.406%2C%22y%22%3A0.752%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.381%7D}} [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00237503/Monatlich_Correspondenz_130168688_5_1802_0444%20.tif Original] * 1804: {{cite journal | title = Ăber die Grenzen der geocentrischen Oerter der Planeten | trans-title = On the limits of the geocentric places of the planets | journal = Monatliche Correspondenz zur Beförderung der Erd- und Himmelskunde | volume = 10 | pages = 171â193 | language = de | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236007467?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B110%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} [https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00240854/Monatliche_Correspondenz_130168688_10_0175.tif Original] (on the Zodiacus) * 1808: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis arithmetici demonstratio nova | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis. Comm. Math. | volume = 16 | pages = 69â74 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN23599524X?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.545%2C%22y%22%3A0.469%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.622%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0016_1NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B498%2C499%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (Introduces [[Gauss's lemma (number theory)|Gauss's lemma]], uses it in the third proof of quadratic reciprocity) * 1808: {{Cite book | title = Methodus peculiaris elevationem poli determinandi |language=la | place = Göttingen | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236007467?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B41%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.509%2C%22y%22%3A0.541%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.561%7D}} * 1809: {{Cite book | title = Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium |language=la | publisher = Friedrich Perthes & Johann Heinrich Besser | place = Hamburg | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236008730?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B7%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.453%2C%22y%22%3A0.658%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.507%7D}} [https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=12217180 Original book] ** {{cite book | year = 1857 | title = Theory of the Motion of Heavenly Bodies Moving about the Sun in Conic Sections | translator-last = Davis | translator-first = Charles Henry | translator-link = Charles Henry Davis | publisher = Little, Brown & Co. | url = https://archive.org/details/theoryofmotionof00gausrich/}} ** {{cite book | title=Theory of the motion of the celestial bodies moving around the Sun in conic sections. Reprint of the 1809 original. (Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientium.) (Latin) | url= | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | series= Cambridge Library Collection - Mathematics | isbn=978-1-108-14311-0| zbl=1234.01016 | year=2011}} * 1811: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitio de elementis ellipticis Palladis ex oppositionibus annorum 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808, 1809 | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Math. | volume = 1 | pages = 1â26 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236007467?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.547%2C%22y%22%3A0.399%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.731%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B170%2C171%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1810) (Orbit of [[2 Pallas|Pallas]]) * 1811: {{cite journal | title = Summatio quarundam serierum singularium | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 1 | pages = 1â40 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN23599524X?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B13%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.425%2C%22y%22%3A0.693%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.896%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0001_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B194%2C195%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1808) (Determination of the sign of the [[quadratic Gauss sum]], uses this to give the fourth proof of quadratic reciprocity) * 1813: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam <math>1+\frac{\alpha\beta}{\gamma.1}+\mbox{etc.}</math> | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 2 | pages = 1â42 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B131%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.603%2C%22y%22%3A0.4%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B227%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.559%2C%22y%22%3A0.496%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D Original] (from 1812, contains the [[Gauss's continued fraction]]) * 1816: {{cite journal | title = Methodus nova integralium valores per approximationem inveniendi | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 3 | pages = 39â76 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B171%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.516%2C%22y%22%3A0.761%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0003_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%2C201%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1814) * 1818: {{cite journal | title = Theorematis fundamentalis in doctrina de residuis quadraticis demonstrationes et ampliationes novae | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 4 | pages = 3â20 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN23599524X?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B51%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.462%2C%22y%22%3A0.326%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.896%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B262%2C263%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1817) (Fifth and sixth proofs of quadratic reciprocity) * 1818: {{cite journal | title = Determinatio attractionis, quam in punctum positionis datae exerceret planeta, si eius massa per totamorbitam, ratione temporis, quo singulae partes describuntur, uniformiter esset dispertita | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 4 | pages = 21â48 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235999628?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B339%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.531%2C%22y%22%3A0.592%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.609%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0004_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B281%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.499%2C%22y%22%3A0.677%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.434%7D Original] (Only reference to the â mostly unpublished â work on the algorithm of the [[arithmetic-geometric mean]].) * 1823: {{cite journal | title = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Prior | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 5 | pages = 33â62 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.47%2C%22y%22%3A0.4%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B276%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1821) * 1823: {{cite journal | title = Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae. Pars Posterior | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 5 | pages = 63â90 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B31%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.433%2C%22y%22%3A0.4%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0005_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B306%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.413%2C%22y%22%3A0.66%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.413%7D Original] * 1825: {{cite journal | title = Allgemeine Auflösung der Aufgabe die Theile einer gegebnen FlĂ€che auf einer andern gegebnen FlĂ€che so abzubilden dass die Abbildung dem Abgebildeten in den kleinsten Theilen Ă€hnlich wird | journal = Astronomische Abhandlungen | volume = 3 | place = Altona | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B193%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.303%2C%22y%22%3A0.717%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.507%7D}} (Prize winning essay from 1822 on conformal mapping) * 1828: {{cite book | title = Bestimmung des Breitenunterschiedes zwischen den Sternwarten von Göttingen und Altona durch Beobachtungen am Ramsdenschen Zenithsector | trans-title = Determination of the Difference in Latitude between the Observatories of Göttingen and Altona by Observations with Ramsden's Zenith sector | publisher = Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht | year = 1828 | place = Göttingen | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN23601515X?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B7%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.229%2C%22y%22%3A0.617%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.609%7D | language=de}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=tIg_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA04 Original book] * 1828: {{cite journal | title = Supplementum theoriae combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 57â98 | date = 1828 | bibcode = 1828stco.book.....G | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B59%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.433%2C%22y%22%3A0.4%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D | last1 = Gauss | first1 = Carl Friedrich }} (from 1826) ** {{Cite book | title = Theory of the Combination of Observations Least Subject to Errors. Part One, Part Two, Supplement (Classics in Applied Mathematics) | translator-last = G. W. Stewart | publisher = Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics | place = Philadelphia | year = 1995 | doi=10.1137/1.9781611971248 | url = https://epubs.siam.org/doi/book/10.1137/1.9781611971248 | isbn = 978-0-89871-347-3 | last1 = Gauss | first1 = Carl Friedrich | last2 = Stewart | first2 = G. W. }} (Three essays concerning the calculation of probabilities as the basis of the Gaussian law of error propagation) * 1828: {{cite journal | title = Disquisitiones generales circa superficies curvas | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 99â146 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B221%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.398%2C%22y%22%3A0.479%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.609%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B312%2C313%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1827) ** {{Cite book | title = General Investigations of Curved Surfaces | translator-last = J. C. Morehead and A. M. Hiltebeitel | publisher = The Princeton University Library | year = 1902 | url = https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36856/36856-pdf.pdf}} * 1828: {{cite journal | title = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio prima | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 6 | pages = 27â56 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN23599524X?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B69%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.365%2C%22y%22%3A0.646%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.747%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0006_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B241%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1825) * 1832: {{cite journal | title = Theoria residuorum biquadraticorum, Commentatio secunda | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 7 | pages = 89â148 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN23599524X?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B97%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.402%2C%22y%22%3A0.326%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.896%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B273%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1831) (Introduces the [[Gaussian integers]], states (without proof) the law of [[biquadratic reciprocity]], proves the supplementary law for 1 + ''i'') * 1845: {{cite journal | title = Untersuchungen ĂŒber GegenstĂ€nde der Höheren GeodĂ€sie. Erste Abhandlung | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Zweiter Band, von den Jahren 1842â1844 | pages = 3â46 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B263%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.464%2C%22y%22%3A0.808%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0002 Original] (from 1843) * 1847: {{cite journal | title = Untersuchungen ĂŒber GegenstĂ€nde der Höheren GeodĂ€sie. Zweite Abhandlung | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Dritter Band, von den Jahren 1845â1847 | pages = 3â44 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236005081?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B305%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.384%2C%22y%22%3A0.733%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0003 Original] (from 1846) * 1848: {{cite journal | title = Schreiben des Herrn Geheimen Hofrathes Gauss an den Herausgeber | trans-title = Letter of Mr. Secret Councillor of the Court Gauss to the editor | journal = [[Astronomische Nachrichten]] | volume = 27 | pages = 1â3 | doi = 10.1002/asna.18480270102 | bibcode = 1848AN.....27....1G | language = de | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236007467?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B198%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D | date = 1848 | last1 = Gauss }} [https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=AN...&year=1848&volume=..27&letter=.&db_key=GEN&page_ind=4&plate_select=NO&data_type=GIF&type=SCREEN_GIF&classic=YES Original] * 1903: [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236018647?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B516%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.452%2C%22y%22%3A0.567%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.946%7D Wissenschaftliches Tagebuch] ({{cite journal | author-link1 = Felix Klein | editor-last = Klein | editor-first = Felix | title = GauĂ' wissenschaftliches Tagebuch 1796â1814 | doi=10.1007/BF01449013 | year = 1903 | journal = [[Mathematische Annalen]] | volume = 57 | pages = 1â34 | s2cid = 119641638 | language = la, de | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235181684_0057?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B8%2C9%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}}) [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/DE-611-HS-3382323 Original book] (from 1847, on the Zodiacus) ** {{cite journal | title = A commentary on Gauss's mathematical diary, 1796â1814 | author = [[Jeremy Gray]] | journal = Expositiones Mathematicae | volume = 2 | pages = 97â130 | year = 1984 }} === Physics === * 1804: [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B503%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.468%2C%22y%22%3A0.479%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.609%7D Fundamentalgleichungen fĂŒr die Bewegung schwerer Körper auf der Erde] ( in original book: {{cite book | last1 = Benzenberg | first1 = Johann Friedrich | author-link = Johann Benzenberg | title = Versuche ĂŒber das Gesetz des Falls, ĂŒber den Widerstand der Luft und ĂŒber die Umdrehung der Erde | trans-title = Experiments on the Law of falling Bodies, on the Resistance of Air, and of the Rotation of the Earth | publisher = GebrĂŒder Mallinckrodt | place = Dortmund | pages = 363â371}} [https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10060427?page=392,393 Original]) * 1813: {{cite journal | title = Theoria attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum methodo nova tractata | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores. Comm. Class. Math. | volume = 2 | pages = 1â24 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B4%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.405%2C%22y%22%3A0.528%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.877%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0002_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B318%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.539%2C%22y%22%3A0.64%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.456%7D Original] (contains [[Gauss's theorem]] of vector analysis) * 1817: {{cite journal | title = Ueber die achromatischen Doppelobjective besonders in RĂŒcksicht der vollkommnern Aufhebung der Farbenzerstreuung | trans-title = On achromatic double lenses with special regard to a more complete dispersion of colours | journal = Zeitschrift fĂŒr Astronomie und verwandte Wissenschaften | volume = IV | pages = 345â351 | language = de | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hxigq8&seq=349}} * 1829: {{cite journal | year = 1829 | title = Ăber ein neues allgemeines Grundgesetz der Mechanik | trans-title = On a new General Fundamental Law of Mechanics | journal = Journal fĂŒr die reine und angewandte Methematik | volume = 1829 | issue = 4| pages = 232â235 | doi = 10.1515/crll.1829.4.232 | s2cid = 199545985 | url = https://zenodo.org/record/1448816}} * 1830: {{cite journal | title = Principia generalia theoriae figurae fluidorum in statu aequilibrii | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores | volume = 7 | pages = 39â88 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B32%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.497%2C%22y%22%3A0.694%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.424%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0007_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B223%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1829) * 1841: {{cite journal | title = Intensitas vis magneticae terrestris ad mensuram absolutam revocata | journal = Commentationes Societatis Regiae Scientiarum Gottingensis Recentiores | volume = 8 | pages = 3â44 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B82%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.398%2C%22y%22%3A0.669%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN35283028X_0008_2NS?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B198%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.569%2C%22y%22%3A0.65%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.449%7D Original] (from 1832){{efn|Gauss presented the text to the Göttingen Academy in December 1832, a preprint in Latin with a small number of copies appeared in 1833. It was soon translated and published in German and French. The complete text in Latin was published in 1841.<ref name="Reich" />}} ** [http://21sci-tech.com/translations/gaussMagnetic.pdf The Intensity of the Earth's Magnetic Force Reduced to Absolute Measurement.] Translated by Susan P. Johnson. * 1836: [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B320%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.412%2C%22y%22%3A0.459%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D Erdmagnetismus und Magnetometer] (Original book: {{cite book | language = de | title = Jahrbuch fĂŒr 1836 | volume = 1836 | pages = 1â47 | editor = H.C. Schumacher | publisher = J.G.Cotta'sche Buchhandlung | place = TĂŒbingen | url = https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10538569?page=21}}) * 1840: [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B200%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.332%2C%22y%22%3A0.772%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.73%7D Allgemeine LehrsĂ€tze in Beziehung auf die im verkehrten VerhĂ€ltnis des Quadrats der Entfernung wirkenden Anziehungs- und AbstoĂungskrĂ€fte] (Original book: {{Cite book | title = Allgemeine LehrsĂ€tze in Beziehung auf die im verkehrten VerhĂ€ltnis des Quadrats der Entfernung wirkenden Anziehungs- und AbstoĂungskrĂ€fte | trans-title = General Theorems concerning the attractive and repulsive Forces acting in reciprocal Proportions of quadratic Distances | publisher = Weidmannsche Buchhandlung | place = Leipzig | year = 1840 | language = de | url = https://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/show/gauss_lehrsaetze_1840}} * 1843: {{cite journal | title = Dioptrische Untersuchungen | trans-title = Dioptrical Investigations | journal = Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften in Göttingen | volume = Erster Band | pages = 1â34 | language = de | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN236006339?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B248%5D%2C%22pan%22%3A%7B%22x%22%3A0.417%2C%22y%22%3A0.824%7D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%2C%22zoom%22%3A0.731%7D}} [https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN250442582_0001?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B548%2C549%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D Original] (from 1840) ==== Together with Wilhelm Weber ==== * 1837â1839: {{Cite book | title = Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1836â1838 | publisher = Dieterichsche Buchhandlung| place = Göttingen | language = de | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101058086446&view=1up&seq=9}} * 1840â1843: {{Cite book | title = Resultate aus den Beobachtungen des magnetischen Vereins im Jahre 1839â1841 | publisher = Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung | place = Leipzig | language = de | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101058086396&view=1up&seq=199}} * 1840: {{Cite book | title = Atlas des Erdmagnetismus nach den Elementen der Theorie entworfen. Supplement zu den Resultaten aus den Beobachtungen des magnetischen Vereins | publisher = Weidmannsche Verlagsbuchhandlung | place = Leipzig | language = de | url = https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101058086388&view=1up&seq=5}} === Collected works === * {{Cite book| title = Carl Friedrich Gauss. Werke | editor = Königlich PreuĂische Akademie der Wissenschaften | volume = 1â12 | publisher = (diverse publishers) | place = Göttingen| language = la, de | year = 1863â1933 | url = https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN235957348?tify=%7B%22view%22:%22toc%22%7D}} (includes unpublished literary estate) === Correspondence === * {{Cite book| title = Briefwechsel zwischen Gauss und Bessel | editor = Königlich PreuĂische Akademie der Wissenschaften |publisher = Wilhelm Engelmann| place = Leipzig | year = 1880 | language=de | url=https://archive.org/details/briefwechselzwi00berlgoog/page/n5/mode/2up}} (letters from December 1804 to August 1844) * {{cite book | last1 = Schoenberg | first1 = Erich | last2 = Perlick | first2 = Alfons | title = Unbekannte Briefe von C. F. GauĂ und Fr. W. Bessel | date = 1955 | series = Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Math.-nat. Klasse, Neue Folge, No. 71 | pages = 5â21 | publisher = Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften | place = Munich | language = de}} (letters to [[Palm Heinrich Ludwig von Boguslawski|Boguslawski]] from February 1835 to January 1848) * {{cite book | title = Der Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich GauĂ und [[Johann Elert Bode]] | date = 2014 | editor-last = Schwemin | editor-first = Friedhelm | series = Acta Historica Astronomica | volume = 53 | publisher = Akademische Verlaganstalt | place = Leipzig | language = de | isbn = 978-3-944913-43-8}} (letters from February 1802 to October 1826) * {{Cite book| title = Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich Gauss und Wolfgang Bolyai | editor-last = Franz Schmidt | editor-first = Paul StĂ€ckel |publisher = B.G. Teubner| place = Leipzig | year = 1899 | language=de | url=https://archive.org/details/briefwechselzwi00gausgoog/page/n4/mode/2up}} (letters from September 1797 to February 1853; added letters of other correspondents) * {{Cite book| title = Obgleich und indeĂen. Der Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich Gauss und [[Johann Franz Encke]] | editor = Axel Wittmann |publisher = Verlag Kessel | place = Remagen | year = 2018 | language=de | isbn = 978-3945941379}} (letters from June 1810 to June 1854) * {{Cite book| title = Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich Gauss und Christian Ludwig Gerling | editor = Clemens Schaefer |publisher = Otto Elsner | place = Berlin | year = 1927 | language=de | url=https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN335994989?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B5%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D}} (letters from June 1810 to June 1854) * {{Cite book| title = Briefe zwischen A. v. Humboldt und Gauss | editor = [[Karl Christian Bruhns]] |publisher = Wilhelm Engelmann | place = Leipzig | year = 1877 | language=de | url=https://archive.org/details/briefezwischena00gausgoog/page/n5/mode/2up}} (letters from July 1807 to December 1854; added letters of other correspondents) * {{cite book | last1 = Reich | first1 = Karin | last2 = Roussanova | first2 = Elena | author-link1 = Karin Reich | title = [[Karl Kreil]] und der Erdmagnetismus. Seine Korrespondenz mit Carl Friedrich GauĂ im historischen Kontext | date = 2018 | series = Veröffentlichungen der Kommission fĂŒr Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, Mathematik und Medizin, No. 68| publisher = Verlag der Ăsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften | place = Vienna | language = de}} (letters from 1835 to 1843) * {{cite book | title = Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich GauĂ und [[Karl Ludwig von Lecoq|Carl Ludwig von Lecoq]] | date = 1959 | editor-last = Gerardy | editor-first = Theo | series = Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, No. 4 | pages = 37â63 | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | place = Göttingen | language = de}} (letters from February 1799 to September 1800) * {{cite journal | last = Forbes | first = Eric G. | year = 1971 | title = The Correspondence between Carl Friedrich Gauss and the Rev. Nevil Maskelyne (1802â05) | journal = Annals of Science | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 213â237 | doi = 10.1080/00033797100203767 | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00033797100203767}} * {{cite journal | last = Cunningham | first = Clifford | author-link = Clifford Cunningham | year = 2004 | title = Discovery of the Missing Correspondence between Carl Friedrich Gauss and the Rev. Nevil Maskelyne (1802â05) | journal = Annals of Science | volume = 61 | issue = 4 | pages = 469â481 | doi = 10.1080/00033790310001660164 | url = https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00033790310001660164}} * {{cite book | date = 1900 | editor = Carl Schilling | series = [[Wilhelm Olbers]]. Sein Leben und seine Werke. Zweiter Band | title = Briefwechsel zwischen Olbers und Gauss: Erste Abtheilung | publisher = Julius Springer | place = Berlin | language = de| url = https://archive.org/details/p1wilhelmolberss02olbeuoft/page/n5/mode/2up}} (letters from January 1802 to October 1819) * {{cite book | date = 1909 | editor = Carl Schilling | series = Wilhelm Olbers. Sein Leben und seine Werke. Zweiter Band | title = Briefwechsel zwischen Olbers und Gauss: Zweite Abtheilung | publisher = Julius Springer | place = Berlin | language = de| url = https://archive.org/details/p2wilhelmolberss02olbeuoft/page/n7/mode/2up}} (letters from January 1820 to May 1839; added letters of other correspondents) * {{Cite book| title = Briefwechsel zwischen C. F. Gauss und [[H. C. Schumacher]] | editor = [[Christian August Friedrich Peters]] |publisher = Gustav Esch | place = Altona | year = 1860â1865 | language = de}} ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=aIRtAAAAMAAJ Volumes 1+2] (letters from April 1808 to March 1836) ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=NDcDAAAAQAAJ Volumes 3+4] (letters from March 1836 to April 1845) ** [https://books.google.com/books?id=3jEDAAAAQAAJ Volumes 5+6] (letters from April 1845 to November 1850) * {{cite book | title = Briefwechsel zwischen Carl Friedrich GauĂ und [[Eberhard August Wilhelm Zimmermann|Eberhard August Zimmermann]] | date = 1987 | editor-last = Poser | editor-first = Hans | series = Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse, Folge 3, No. 39 | publisher = Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht | place = Göttingen | language = de | isbn = 978-3525821169}} (letters from 1795 to 1815) The [[Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] provides a complete collection of the known letters from and to Carl Friedrich Gauss that is accessible online.<ref name="Correspondence">{{cite web | url = https://gauss.adw-goe.de/?locale-attribute=en | title = The complete correspondence of Carl Friedrich Gauss | publisher = Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen | access-date = 10 March 2023}}</ref> The literary estate is kept and provided by the [[Göttingen State and University Library]].<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Rohlfing | first = Helmut | title = Das Erbe des Genies. Der Nachlass Carl Friedrich GauĂ an der NiedersĂ€chsischen Staats- und UniversitĂ€tsbibliothek Göttingen | journal = Mitteilungen der GauĂ-Gesellschaft Göttingen | issue = 40 | pages = 7â23 | year = 2003 | volume = 35 | bibcode = 1998GGMit..35...49S | language = de}}</ref> Written materials from Carl Friedrich Gauss and family members can also be found in the municipal archive of Brunswick.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.stadtarchiv-braunschweig.findbuch.net/php/main.php#4720495820303231 | title = Familienarchiv GauĂ | website = Stadtarchiv Braunschweig | department = Signature: G IX 021 | access-date = 25 March 2023}}</ref>
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