Editing Antidepressant (section)

===Monoamine oxidase inhibitors===
[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s (MAOIs) are chemicals that inhibit the activity of the [[monoamine oxidase|monoamine oxidase enzyme family]]. They have a long history of use as medications prescribed for the treatment of [[clinical depression|depression]]. They are particularly effective in treating [[atypical depression]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/major-depressive-disorder/atypical-depression-21st-century-diagnostic-and-treatment-issues|title=Atypical Depression in the 21st Century: Diagnostic and Treatment Issues|journal=[[Psychiatric Times]]|access-date=23 November 2013|author=Cristancho, Mario|date=20 November 2012|volume=28|issue=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202224433/http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/major-depressive-disorder/atypical-depression-21st-century-diagnostic-and-treatment-issues|archive-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> They are also used in the treatment of [[Parkinson's disease]] and several other disorders.

Because of potentially lethal dietary and drug interactions, MAOIs have historically been reserved as a last line of treatment, used only when other classes of antidepressant drugs (for example [[selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor]]s and [[tricyclic antidepressant]]s) have failed.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Shulman KI, Herrmann N, Walker SE|title=Current place of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression|journal=CNS Drugs|volume=27|issue=10|pages=789–797|date=October 2013|pmid=23934742|doi=10.1007/s40263-013-0097-3|s2cid=21625538}}</ref>

MAOIs have been found to be effective in the treatment of [[panic disorder]] with [[agoraphobia]],<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Buigues J, Vallejo J|title=Therapeutic response to phenelzine in patients with panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=48|issue=2|pages=55–59|date=February 1987|pmid=3542985}}</ref> [[social phobia]],<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Liebowitz MR, Schneier F, Campeas R, Hollander E, Hatterer J, Fyer A, Gorman J, Papp L, Davies S, Gully R|title=Phenelzine vs atenolol in social phobia. A placebo-controlled comparison|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=4|pages=290–300|date=April 1992|pmid=1558463|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.49.4.290}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Versiani M, Nardi AE, Mundim FD, Alves AB, Liebowitz MR, Amrein R|title=Pharmacotherapy of social phobia. A controlled study with moclobemide and phenelzine|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=161|issue=3|pages=353–360|date=September 1992|pmid=1393304|doi=10.1192/bjp.161.3.353|s2cid=45341667}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Heimberg RG, Liebowitz MR, Hope DA, Schneier FR, Holt CS, Welkowitz LA, Juster HR, Campeas R, Bruch MA, Cloitre M, Fallon B, Klein DF|title=Cognitive behavioral group therapy vs phenelzine therapy for social phobia: 12-week outcome|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=55|issue=12|pages=1133–1141|date=December 1998|pmid=9862558|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.55.12.1133}}</ref> atypical depression<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jarrett RB, Schaffer M, McIntire D, Witt-Browder A, Kraft D, Risser RC|title=Treatment of atypical depression with cognitive therapy or phenelzine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=56|issue=5|pages=431–437|date=May 1999|pmid=10232298|pmc=1475805|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.56.5.431}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Liebowitz MR, Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, Harrison W, Rabkin J, Tricamo E, Markowitz JS, Klein DF|title=Phenelzine v imipramine in atypical depression. A preliminary report|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=41|issue=7|pages=669–677|date=July 1984|pmid=6375621|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790180039005}}</ref> or mixed anxiety and depression, [[bulimia]],<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Walsh BT, Stewart JW, Roose SP, Gladis M, Glassman AH|title=Treatment of bulimia with phenelzine. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=41|issue=11|pages=1105–1109|date=November 1984|pmid=6388524|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790220095015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Rothschild R, Quitkin HM, Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, Ocepek-Welikson K, McGrath PJ, Tricamo E|title=A double-blind placebo-controlled comparison of phenelzine and imipramine in the treatment of bulimia in atypical depressives|journal=The International Journal of Eating Disorders|volume=15|issue=1|pages=1–9|date=January 1994|pmid=8124322|doi=10.1002/1098-108X(199401)15:1<1::AID-EAT2260150102>3.0.CO;2-E}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Walsh BT, Stewart JW, Roose SP, Gladis M, Glassman AH|title=A double-blind trial of phenelzine in bulimia|journal=Journal of Psychiatric Research|volume=19|issue=2–3|pages=485–489|year=1985|pmid=3900362|doi=10.1016/0022-3956(85)90058-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Walsh BT, Gladis M, Roose SP, Stewart JW, Stetner F, Glassman AH|title=Phenelzine vs placebo in 50 patients with bulimia|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=45|issue=5|pages=471–475|date=May 1988|pmid=3282482|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800290091011}}</ref> and [[post-traumatic stress disorder]],<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Davidson J, Walker JI, Kilts C|title=A pilot study of phenelzine in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder|journal=The British Journal of Psychiatry|volume=150|issue=2|pages=252–255|date=February 1987|pmid=3651684|doi=10.1192/bjp.150.2.252|s2cid=10001735}}</ref> as well as [[borderline personality disorder]].<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Soloff PH, Cornelius J, George A, Nathan S, Perel JM, Ulrich RF|title=Efficacy of phenelzine and haloperidol in borderline personality disorder|journal=Archives of General Psychiatry|volume=50|issue=5|pages=377–385|date=May 1993|pmid=8489326|doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820170055007}}</ref> MAOIs appear to be particularly effective in the management of [[Bipolar disorder|bipolar depression]] according to a retrospective-analysis.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mallinger AG, Frank E, Thase ME, Barwell MM, Diazgranados N, Luckenbaugh DA, Kupfer DJ|title=Revisiting the effectiveness of standard antidepressants in bipolar disorder: are monoamine oxidase inhibitors superior?|journal=Psychopharmacology Bulletin|volume=42|issue=2|pages=64–74|year=2009|pmid=19629023|pmc=3570273}}</ref> There are reports of MAOI efficacy in [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]] (OCD), [[trichotillomania]], [[dysmorphophobia]], and [[avoidant personality disorder]], but these reports are from uncontrolled case reports.<ref name="pmid2248064">{{cite journal|vauthors=Liebowitz MR, Hollander E, Schneier F, Campeas R, Welkowitz L, Hatterer J, Fallon B|title=Reversible and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors in other psychiatric disorders|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum|volume=360|pages=29–34|year=1990|pmid=2248064|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05321.x|s2cid=30319319}}</ref>

MAOIs can also be used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease by targeting MAO-B in particular (therefore affecting [[dopaminergic neuron]]s), as well as providing an alternative for [[migraine]] [[prophylaxis]]. Inhibition of both MAO-A and MAO-B is used in the treatment of [[clinical depression]] and [[anxiety disorder]]s.