Editing 1830s (section)

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
* [[May 30]], [[1832]] – Canada: The [[Rideau Canal]] in eastern [[Ontario]] is opened.
* [[March 6]], [[1834]] – [[York, Upper Canada]], is incorporated as [[Toronto]].
* November–December [[1837]] – In [[the Canadas]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie]] leads the [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] and [[Louis-Joseph Papineau]] leads the [[Lower Canada Rebellion]].
* May [[1838]] – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the [[Durham Report]] to Britain.

==== United States ====

[[File:US SlaveFree1837.gif|thumb|300px|United States territories and states that forbade or allowed slavery, 1837.]]

===== Slavery =====
* [[January 1]], [[1831]] – [[William Lloyd Garrison]] begins publishing ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]'', an antislavery newspaper, in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
* [[August 21]], [[1831]] – [[History of the United States|USA]]: [[Nat Turner's Rebellion]] breaks out in [[Southampton County, Virginia]].
* [[September 19]], [[1835]] – [[William Lloyd Garrison]] publishes [[Angelina Grimké]]'s anti-slavery letter in ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]''.
* [[May 13]], [[1837]] – [[Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)]] burned by mob hostile to slavery.
* [[November 7]], [[1837]] – American [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] and newspaper editor [[Elijah Lovejoy]] is killed by a pro-[[slavery]] mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.

* [[July 1]], [[1839]] – Slaves aboard the ''[[Amistad (case)|Amistad]]'' rebel and capture the ship off the coast of [[Cuba]].  Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to [[Long Island]], New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]''.

===== Settlement =====
* [[February 9]], [[1832]] – The [[Florida]] Legislative Council grants a city charter for [[Jacksonville, Florida]].
* [[July 10]], [[1832]] – U.S. [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|Survey of the Coast]] revived (with [[US Department of Treasury]]).
* [[August 12]], [[1833]] – The city of [[Chicago]] is established at the [[estuary]] of the [[Chicago River]] by 350 settlers.
* [[March 11]], [[1834]] – U.S. Survey of the [[Coast]] transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]].
* [[March 27]], [[1836]] – United States Survey of the Coast returned to [[U.S. Treasury Department]]; renamed [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|U.S. Coast Survey]].
* [[April 20]], [[1836]] – The [[Wisconsin Territory]] is created.
* [[June 15]], [[1836]] – [[Arkansas]] is the 25th state admitted into the United States.
* [[January 26]], [[1837]] – [[Michigan]] becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.

===== Native Americans =====
{{Main|American Indian Wars}}
* [[May 28]], [[1830]] – The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Indian Removal Act]].
* [[April 6]], [[1832]] – The [[Black Hawk War]] begins.
* [[July 9]], [[1832]] – [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]] post created within the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].
* [[August 2]], [[1832]] – [[Battle of Bad Axe]] ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.
* [[1832]] – [[George Catlin]] starts to live among the [[Sioux]] in the [[Dakota Territory]].
* [[1832]] – The federal government establishes a [[smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] program for Native Americans (''The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832'').<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review|volume=18|issue=2|pages=9–35|jstor=1409535|last1=Pearson|first1=J. Diane|year=2003|doi=10.1353/wic.2003.0017|s2cid=154875430}}</ref>
* [[July 29]], [[1834]] – [[Office of Indian Affairs]] organized in the United States.
* [[December 28]], [[1835]] – The [[Second Seminole War]] breaks out in [[Florida]].
* [[December 29]], [[1835]] – The [[Treaty of New Echota]] is signed between the United States Government and members of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]].
* [[1835]] – [[Fort Cass]] is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 [[Trail of Tears]].
* [[May 19]], [[1836]] – [[Fort Parker massacre]]: Among those captured by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] is nine-year-old [[Cynthia Ann Parker]]; she later gives birth to a son named [[Quanah Parker|Quanah]], who becomes the last [[tribal chief|chief]] of the [[Comanche]].
* [[1836]] – [[George Catlin]] ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the [[Dakota Territory]].
* [[February 4]], [[1837]] – [[Seminole]]s attack [[Fort Foster]] in [[Florida]].
* [[May 26]], [[1838]] – [[History of the United States|USA]]: The people of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] are forcibly relocated during the [[Trail of Tears]].

===== Presidents =====
* [[December 3]], [[1832]] – [[U.S. presidential election, 1832]]: [[Andrew Jackson]] is re-elected president.
* [[March 4]], [[1833]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is sworn in for his second term as [[President of the United States]].
* [[May 6]], [[1833]] – In [[Alexandria, Virginia]], the first public physical attack on an [[President of the United States|American President]], with [[Andrew Jackson]] struck by a disgruntled [[Robert B. Randolph]], who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges. 
* [[March 27]], [[1834]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).
* [[January 30]], [[1835]] – An [[assassination]] is attempted against President [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[United States Capitol]] (the first assassination attempt against a [[President of the United States]]).
* [[December 7]], [[1835]] – Future U.S. President [[James K. Polk]] becomes [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]
* [[December 4]], [[1836]] – [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] holds its first national convention, in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]].
* [[December 7]], [[1836]] – [[1836 United States presidential election]]: [[Martin Van Buren]] defeats [[William Henry Harrison]].
* [[March 4]], [[1837]] – [[Martin Van Buren]] succeeds [[Andrew Jackson]] as [[President of the United States]].

===== Supreme Court =====
* [[January 12]] – [[January 27]], [[1830]] – [[Robert Y. Hayne]] of [[South Carolina]] debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with [[Daniel Webster]] of [[Massachusetts]] in the [[United States Congress]].
* [[March 12]], [[1830]] – ''Craig v. Missouri'': The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.
* [[February 16]], [[1833]] – ''[[Barron v. Baltimore]]'': The United States Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Right only applies to the federal government, and not the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833) {{!}} SCHS Civics Classroom Resources |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/supreme-court-civics-resources/barron-v-city-of-baltimore-1833/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Supreme Court Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[March 28]], [[1836]] – [[Roger B. Taney]] becomes the 5th [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Supreme Court Justice]], succeeding [[John Marshall|John Marshal]], and beginning the 28 year [[Taney Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Chief Justices: Roger Brooke Taney, 1836-1864 |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/chief-justices/roger-taney-1836-1864/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Supreme Court Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Other =====
* [[November 14]], [[1832]] – [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Charles Carroll]], the last surviving signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.
* [[April 14]], [[1834]] – The [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] is officially named by [[United States Senator]] [[Henry Clay]].
* [[August 11]] – [[August 12]], [[1834]] – [[Ursuline Convent riots]]: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near [[Boston]].
* [[January 8]], [[1835]] – The [[United States public debt]] contracts to $0 for the only time in history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/history.htm |title=www.publicdebt.treas.gov |access-date=2013-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012419/http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/history.htm |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[1835]] – [[Edward Strutt Abdy]] publishes his ''Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834''.
* [[May 10]], [[1837]] – The [[Panic of 1837]] begins in [[New York City]].
* [[June 11]], [[1837]] – The [[Broad Street Riot]] occurs in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.
* [[1839]] – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in [[Jackson, Mississippi]].

==== Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution) ====
* [[October 2]], [[1835]] – [[Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico]], – [[Battle of Gonzales]]: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], [[Mexico|Mexican]] soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of [[Gonzales, Texas]] for  protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish.
* [[December 9]], [[1835]] – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of [[San Antonio de Bejar]] from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.
* [[December 20]], [[1835]] – A [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] is first signed at [[Goliad, Texas]].
* [[January 5]], [[1836]] – [[David Crockett]] arrives in [[Texas]].
* [[February 23]], [[1836]] – The [[Siege of the Alamo]] begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel [[Willam B. Travis]] and volunteers under Colonel [[James Bowie]], hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under [[General Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]].
* [[March 1]], [[1836]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in [[Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas]], to deliberate and vote on independence from [[Mexico]].
* [[March 2]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: The [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] is signed by 60 delegates and the [[Republic of Texas]] is declared.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Texas Declaration of Independence}}</ref> Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army".
[[File:Alamo.jpg|thumb|250px|right| March 6, 1836: The [[Battle of the Alamo]]]]
* [[March 6]], [[1836]] – The [[Battle of the Alamo]] ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.<ref>''The World Book Encyclopedia''. 1970. (U.S.A.) Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.</ref>
* [[March 17]], [[1836]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: Delegates adopt the [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]], modeled after the [[United States Constitution]].  It allows slavery, requires [[free black]]s to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/ccGP.html|publisher=University of Texas School of Law|access-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108073513/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/ccGP.html|archive-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[March 27]], [[1836]] – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the [[Goliad Massacre]] along with Texian Colonel [[James Walker Fannin]] by Mexican troops in [[Goliad]] near the [[Presidio La Bahia]] during the [[Texas Revolution]].
* [[April 21]], [[1836]] – [[Battle of San Jacinto]]: [[Mexico|Mexican]] forces under [[General Santa Anna]] are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the [[San Jacinto River (Texas)|San Jacinto River, Texas]]. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)
* [[April 22]], [[1836]] – Forces under Texian General [[Sam Houston]] capture [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[General]] [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.

==== Republic of Texas ====
*[[January 3]], [[1834]] – The government of [[Mexico]] imprisons [[Stephen F. Austin]] in [[Mexico City]].
*[[August 30]], [[1836]] – The city of [[Houston]], Texas is founded.
* [[September 5]], [[1836]] – [[Sam Houston]] is elected as the first [[President of the Republic of Texas]].
* [[October 22]], [[1836]] – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[June 5]], [[1837]] – The city of [[Houston]], is incorporated by the [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[December 10]], [[1838]] – [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] is inaugurated as second elected President of the [[Republic of Texas]].

==== Mexico ====
The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the [[First Mexican Republic]] and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] dissolved Congress, forming a new government.  That government instituted the  [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] by approving a new centralist constitution ("[[Siete Leyes]]"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven [[President of Mexico|presidents]] (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including [[Mexican Texas]], which declared independence in the [[Texas Revolution]] of 1836. During the [[1840s]], other provinces separated. The [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] in 1840, and the [[Republic of Yucatán]] declared independence in 1841.

*[[May 23]], [[1835]] – The Mexican [[Aguascalientes|State of Aguascalientes]] is formed by decree of [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]].
*[[December 28]], [[1836]] – [[Spain]] recognizes the independence of [[Mexico]].
* May [[1838]] – An insurrection breaks out in [[Tizimín]], beginning the campaign for the independence of [[Yucatan]] from [[Mexico]].
* November 1838 – The [[Pastry War]] (also known as the ''First [[France|French]] intervention in [[Mexico]]'') began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of [[San Juan de Ulúa]] in Veracruz by French forces sent by [[Louis Philippe I|King Louis-Philippe]]. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.
* March 1839 – The [[Pastry War]] ends with a British-brokered peace.

==== Nicaragua ====
* [[April 30]], [[1838]] – [[Nicaragua]] declares independence from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] (''see'' [[History of Nicaragua#Fight for independence|Nicaragua's early history]]).

==== Costa Rica ====
* [[May 5]], [[1835]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Braulio Carrillo]] is sworn in as [[President of Costa Rica|Head of State of Costa Rica]].
* [[May 28]], [[1838]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Braulio Carrillo]] is sworn in as [[President of Costa Rica|Head of State of Costa Rica]], thus beginning his second term in office.

==== Puerto Rico ====
* [[May 7]], [[1836]] – The settlement of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico]], is elevated to the royal status of [[villa]] by the government of [[Spain]].

==== Honduras ====
* [[November 5]], [[1838]] – The [[Second Central American Civil War]] begins with [[Honduras]]' separation from the [[Central American Federation]].