Editing Vaccine (section)

==Delivery systems==
[[File:VaccineBySandraRugio.jpg|thumb|right|A woman receiving a vaccine by injection]]

One of the most common methods of delivering vaccines into the human body is [[Injection (medicine)|injection]].

The development of new delivery systems raises the hope of vaccines that are safer and more efficient to deliver and administer. Lines of research include [[liposome]]s and ''[[ISCOM]]'' (immune stimulating complex).<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morein B, Hu KF, Abusugra I | title = Current status and potential application of ISCOMs in veterinary medicine | journal = Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews | volume = 56 | issue = 10 | pages = 1367–1382 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15191787 | doi = 10.1016/j.addr.2004.02.004 }}</ref>

Notable developments in vaccine delivery technologies have included oral vaccines. Early attempts to apply oral vaccines showed varying degrees of promise, beginning early in the 20th century, at a time when the very possibility of an effective oral antibacterial vaccine was controversial.<ref>{{cite book|title=American Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvxXAAAAMAAJ|year=1926|publisher=American-Medicine Publishing Company}}</ref> By the 1930s there was increasing interest in the prophylactic value of an oral [[typhoid fever]] vaccine for example.<ref name="Research1929">{{cite book|author=South African Institute for Medical Research|title=Annual report [Jaarverslag] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KzAXAAAAIAAJ|year=1929|publisher=South African Institute for Medical Research – Suid-Afrikaanse Instituut vir Mediese Navorsing}}</ref>

An [[Polio vaccine|oral polio vaccine]] turned out to be effective when vaccinations were administered by volunteer staff without formal training; the results also demonstrated increased ease and efficiency of administering the vaccines. Effective oral vaccines have many advantages; for example, there is no risk of blood contamination. Vaccines intended for oral administration need not be liquid, and as solids, they commonly are more stable and less prone to damage or spoilage by freezing in transport and storage.<ref>{{cite book|title =Biotechnology Fundamentals | first = Firdos Alam | last = Khan | name-list-style = vanc | publisher=CRC Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-s5oRDUuMSIC&pg=PA270 |page =270|isbn= 978-1-4398-2009-4|year= 2011}}</ref> Such stability reduces the need for a "[[cold chain]]": the resources required to keep vaccines within a restricted temperature range from the manufacturing stage to the point of administration, which, in turn, may decrease costs of vaccines.

A microneedle approach, which is still in stages of development, uses "pointed projections fabricated into arrays that can create vaccine delivery pathways through the skin".<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Giudice EL, Campbell JD | title = Needle-free vaccine delivery | journal = Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 68–89 | date = April 2006 | pmid = 16564111 | doi = 10.1016/j.addr.2005.12.003 }}</ref>

An experimental needle-free<ref>[[World Health Organization|WHO]] to trial Nanopatch needle-free delivery system| [[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]], 16 September 2014| {{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-16/vaxxas-says-needle-free-polio-vaccine-a-game-changer/5748072 |title=Needle-free polio vaccine a 'game-changer' |newspaper=ABC News |access-date=15 September 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402210010/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-16/vaxxas-says-needle-free-polio-vaccine-a-game-changer/5748072 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |date=16 September 2014 }}</ref> vaccine delivery system is undergoing animal testing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination|url=http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/needleless-trial-set-for-start-20130417-2i0qw.html|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=18 August 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925012246/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/sci-tech/needleless-trial-set-for-start-20130417-2i0qw.html|archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/tech-gadgets/brisbane_nanopatch_the_reverse_brain_DPyEGHC1ih6919r8X37SdO |website=Business Review Weekly |title=Vaxxas raises $25m to take Brisbane's Nanopatch global |access-date=5 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316002836/http://www.brw.com.au/p/tech-gadgets/brisbane_nanopatch_the_reverse_brain_DPyEGHC1ih6919r8X37SdO |archive-date=16 March 2015 |date=10 February 2015 }}</ref> A stamp-size patch similar to an [[adhesive bandage]] contains about 20,000 microscopic projections per square cm.<ref>{{cite news|title=Australian scientists develop 'needle-free' vaccination|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/australian-scientists-develop-needlefree-vaccination/article2493365.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2011|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101162738/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/australian-scientists-develop-needlefree-vaccination/article2493365.ece|archive-date=1 January 2014}}</ref> This [[Dermis|dermal]] administration potentially increases the effectiveness of vaccination, while requiring less vaccine than injection.<ref>{{cite web|title=Needle-free nanopatch vaccine delivery system|url=http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110803/Needle-free-nanopatch-vaccine-delivery-system.aspx|publisher=News Medical|date=3 August 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203129/http://www.news-medical.net/news/20110803/Needle-free-nanopatch-vaccine-delivery-system.aspx|archive-date=11 May 2012}}</ref>