Editing Tamil Nadu (section)

== Infrastructure ==
=== Water supply ===
[[File:Cauvery_at_Erode.JPG|thumb|[[Kaveri]] river is one of the major water sources in the state]]
Tamil Nadu accounts for nearly 4% of the land area and 6% of the population of India, but has only 3% of the water resources of the country. The per capita water availability is {{convert|800|m3|abbr=on}} which is lower than the national average of {{convert|2300|m3|abbr=on}}.<ref name="WR"/> The state is dependent on the monsoons for replenishing the water resources. There are 17 major river basins with 61 reservoirs and about 41,948 tanks with a total surface water potential of 24,864 million cubic metres (MCM), 90% of which is used for [[irrigation]]. The utilizable groundwater recharge is 22,423 MCM.<ref name="WR">{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|page=1|title=Water resources of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210339/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The major rivers include [[Kaveri]], [[Bhavani River|Bhavani]], [[Vaigai River|Vaigai]] and [[Thamirabarani River|Thamirabarani]]. With most of the rivers originating from other states, Tamil Nadu depends on neighboring states for considerable quantum of water which has often led to [[Kaveri River water dispute|disputes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tnenvis.nic.in/Content|title=Water resources|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The state has 116 [[List of dams and reservoirs in Tamil Nadu|large dams]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://damsafety.cwc.gov.in/?page=Tamil%20Nadu%20Water%20Resources%20Department&origin=front-end&page_id=94&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|title=Dam safety|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061125/https://damsafety.cwc.gov.in/?page=Tamil%20Nadu%20Water%20Resources%20Department&origin=front-end&page_id=94&lang=&tp=1&rn=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Apart from the rivers, the majority of the water comes from rainwater stored in more than 41,000 [[tanks]] and 1.68 million [[well]]s across the state.<ref name="Agri"/>

Water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the respective local administrative bodies such as the [[Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board]] in Chennai.<ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|pages=157–159|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Second Master Plan|publisher=Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|page=163|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104135527/http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter07_Infrasructure.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Desalination]] plants including the country's largest at [[Minjur]] provide alternative means of drinking water.<ref>{{cite web|title=IVRCL desalination plant-Minjur|publisher=IVRCL|access-date=12 August 2023|url=http://www.ivrcl.com/desalination.php|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061124/http://www.ivrcl.com/desalination.php|url-status=live}}</ref> As per the 2011 census, only 83.4% of the households have access to safe drinking water, less than the national average of 85.5%.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://data.gov.in/resources/households-access-safe-drinking-water|title=Households access to safe drinking water|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=19 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719150926/https://data.gov.in/resources/households-access-safe-drinking-water|url-status=live}}</ref> Water sources are also threatened by [[environmental pollution]] and effluent discharge from industries.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|page=12|title=Water resources of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810210339/https://www.environment.tn.gov.in/Document/archives/Waterresources.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Health and sanitation ===
[[File:GH_Chennai.JPG|thumb|The [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India]]
The state is one of the [[Indian states ranking by prevalence of open defecation|leading states]] in terms of sanitation facilities with more than 99.96% of people having access to toilets.<ref>{{cite report|title=Swachh Bharat Mission dashboard|url=https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207003137/https://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/Default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has robust health facilities and ranks higher in all health related parameters such as high life expectancy of 74 years (sixth) and 98.4% [[Indian states ranking by institutional delivery|institutional delivery]] (second).<ref name="LE"/><ref>{{cite report|url=http://rchiips.org/NFHS/pdf/NFHS4/TN_FactSheet.pdf|title=TN fact sheet, National health survey|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401205438/http://rchiips.org/nfhs/pdf/NFHS4/TN_FactSheet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Of the three demographically related targets of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] set by the [[United Nations]] and expected to be achieved by 2015, Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.<ref name="IMR">{{cite news|url=https://www.frontline.in/other/data-card/missing-targets/article5740024.ece|title=Missing targets|work=Frontline|date=12 March 2014|access-date=20 March 2016|archive-date=20 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620170437/http://www.frontline.in/other/data-card/missing-targets/article5740024.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf|title=Millennium Development Goals – Country report 2015|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-date=16 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316170139/https://mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mdg_2july15_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The health infrastructure in the state includes both government-run and private hospitals. {{As of|2023}}, the state had 404 public hospitals, 1,776 public dispensaries, 11,030 health centres and 481 mobile units run by the government with a capacity of more than 94,700 beds.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|title=Health department, policy note|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|page=6|archive-date=5 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105031648/https://cms.tn.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/hfw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf|title=Medical and health report|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225061648/https://www.tn.gov.in/deptst/medicalandhealth.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government General Hospital, Chennai|General Hospital]] in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.<ref>{{cite journal|title=History of Medicine: The origin and evolution of the first modern hospital in India|journal=The National Medical Journal of India|date=2020|volume=33|issue=3|pages=175–179|url=https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started|doi=10.4103/0970-258X.314010|pmid=33904424|access-date=23 May 2021|doi-access=free|author1=Amarjothi JMV|last2=Jesudasan|first2=J.|last3=Ramasamy|first3=V.|last4=Jose|first4=L|archive-date=23 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523103919/https://www.nmji.in/article.asp?issn=0970-258X;year=2020;volume=33;issue=3;spage=175;epage=179;aulast=Amarjothi#:~:text=In%201639%2C%20EIC%20officials%2C%20Andrew,hospital%20in%20India%20was%20started|url-status=live}}</ref> The state government administers free [[polio vaccine]] for eligible age groups.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms|title=5.67 lakh kids get polio vaccines at 1,647 camps in Chennai|date=28 February 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182653/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/5-67-lakh-kids-get-polio-vaccines-at-1647-camps-in-city/articleshow/89879771.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is a major centre for medical tourism and Chennai is termed as "India's health capital".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|title=The medical capital's place in history|date=20 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Medical tourism]] forms an important part of the economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medical Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71|page=71|last=Connell|first=John|isbn=978-1-845-93660-0|year=2011|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173511/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Communication ===
Tamil Nadu is one of four Indian states connected by [[Submarine communications cable|undersea fibre-optic cables]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bharti and SingTel Establish Network i2i Limited|newspaper=Submarine network|date=8 August 2011|url=https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202122711/https://www.submarinenetworks.com/systems/intra-asia/i2i/bharti-and-singtel-establish-network-i2i-limited|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India's 1st undersea cable network ready|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|location=Singapore|date=8 April 2002|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817121213/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6306817.cms|archive-date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BRICS Cable Unveiled for Direct and Cohesive Communications Services Between Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa|publisher=Business Wire|date=16 April 2012|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa|access-date=1 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208184214/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120416005804/en/Brics-Cable-Unveiled-for-Direct-and-Cohesive-Communcations-Services-between-Brazil-Russia-India-China-and-South-Africa|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, four mobile phone service companies operate [[GSM]] networks including [[Bharti Airtel]], [[BSNL]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Reliance Jio]] offering [[4G]] and [[5G]] mobile services.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu|title=Coimbatore, Madurai, Hosur & Trichy gets ultrafast Airtel 5G Plus services in addition to Chennai|date=24 January 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=Airtel|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182655/https://www.airtel.in/press-release/01-2023/airtel-5g-plus-now-live-in-5-cities-of-tamil-nadu|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TRAI">{{cite report|url=https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|title=TRAI report, August 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=TRAI|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095115/https://www.trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/PR_No.124of2023_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.<ref name="TRAI"/> Tamil Nadu is amongst the states with a high internet usage and penetration.<ref>{{cite news|title=After losing 6 lakh internet connections, Tamil Nadu adds|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=24 January 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept/articleshow/80426908.cms|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/after-losing-6l-net-connections-state-adds-2-million-in-july-sept/articleshow/80426908.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the state government unveiled a plan to lay {{convert|55,000|km|abbr=on}} of [[optical fiber]] across the state to provide high-speed internet.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html|title=Tamil Nadu all set for Rs 1,500 crore mega optic fibre network|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 July 2018|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206213544/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/jul/27/tamil-nadu-all-set-for-rs-1500-crore-mega-optic-fibre-network-1849287.html|archive-date=6 February 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Power and energy ===
[[File:Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant_Unit_1_and_2.jpg|thumb|[[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant|Kudankulam]], the largest nuclear power station in India]]
Electricity distribution in the state is done by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] headquartered at Chennai.<ref>{{cite web|title=TANGEDCO, contact|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|url=https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208185659/https://www.tangedco.org/en/tangedco/reach-us/contact-information/|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the average daily consumption is 15,000 MW. Only 40% of the power is generated locally, with the remaining 60% met through purchases.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html|title=Chennai ranks second among big cities in power usage|date=1 September 2023|newspaper=New Indian Express|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208182654/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/01/chennai-ranks-second-among-big-cities-in-power-usage-2610530.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2022}}, the state was the fourth largest power consumer with a per capita availability of 1588.7 Kwh.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200|title=Per-capita availability of power|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225071620/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22200|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203|title=Power consumption|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070116/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22203|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, the state has the [[States of India by installed power capacity|third highest]] installed power capacity of 38,248 MW with 54.6% from renewable resources.<ref name="PW">{{cite report|url=https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf|title=Installed power capacity:Southern region|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331070509/https://npp.gov.in/public-reports/cea/monthly/installcap/2023/OCT/capacity2-Southern-2023-10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22202|title=Installed power capacity|publisher=[[Reserve Bank of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070117/https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/PublicationsView.aspx?id=22202|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thermal power]] is the largest contributor with more than 10,000 MW.<ref name="PW"/> Tamil Nadu is the only state with two operational [[nuclear power plant]]s. The plant at [[Madras Atomic Power Station|Kalpakkam]] is the first fully indigenous nuclear power station in India.  The [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]] is the largest nuclear power station in India.  It generates nearly one-third of the total nuclear power generated in the country.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chetal|first1=SC|title=Beyond PFBR to FBR 1 and 2|journal=IGC Newsletter|date=January 2013|volume=95|page=2|url=http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf|publisher=[[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]]|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223156/http://www.igcar.gov.in/lis/nl95/igc95.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Construction of unit 5 & 6 of India's largest nuclear power plant in Kudankulam commences|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|access-date=1 December 2023|work=WION|date=17 February 2022|archive-date=21 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240421082157/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/construction-of-unit-5-6-of-indias-largest-nuclear-power-plant-in-kudankulam-commences-394688|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants|title=Nuclear power plants|publisher=Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, [[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121095725/https://www.aerb.gov.in/english/regulatory-facilities/nuclear-power-plants|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu has the largest established wind power capacity in India with over 8,000 MW, mostly based out of two regions, [[Palghat Gap]] and [[Muppandal Wind Farm|Muppandal]].  The latter is one of the [[List of largest power stations#Wind|largest]] operational onshore wind farms in the world.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45ehmdh/muppandal-wind-farm/#25626e5a5b83|title=Muppandal Wind Farm|first=Christopher|last=Helman|website=Forbes|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413044635/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mef45ehmdh/muppandal-wind-farm/#25626e5a5b83|archive-date=13 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Media ===
[[File:SUN network office.JPG|thumb|Headquarters of [[Sun Network]], India's largest private TV broadcaster]]
Newspaper publishing started in the state started with the launch of the weekly ''[[The Madras Courier]]'' in 1785.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece|title=The first newspaper of Madras Presidency had a 36-year run|date=25 November 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=21 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021204421/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-first-newspaper-of-madras-presidency-had-a-36-year-run/article66180704.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It was followed by the weeklies ''[[Madras Gazette]]'' and ''[[Government Gazette]]'' in 1795.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4|title=The Press in Tamil Nadu and the Struggle for Freedom, 1917-1937|publisher=South Asia Books|author=A. Ganesan|date=January 1988|pages=4|isbn=978-8-170-99082-6|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173448/https://books.google.com/books?id=cL7KVAqvSEYC&dq=madras+gazette+&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q=madras%20gazette&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf|title=The Story of the Indian Press|author=Reba Chaudhuri|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|date=22 February 1955|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225131254/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/1955_7/9/the_story_of_the_indian_press.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[The Spectator (Indian newspaper)|The Spectator]]'', founded in 1836 was the first English newspaper to be owned by an Indian and became the first daily newspaper in 1853.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mxmindia.com/media/chennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years/|title=Chennai@175: Madras to Chennai – Evolution of media in the last 150 years|work=MXM India|date=25 August 2014|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603084714/https://www.mxmindia.com/media/chennai175-madras-to-chennai-evolution-of-media-in-the-last-150-years/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Mail, Madras' only English eveninger and one of India's oldest newspapers, closes down|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22|date=22 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=India Today|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326174134/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19820131-the-mail-madras-only-english-eveninger-and-one-of-indias-oldest-newspapers-closes-down-771474-2013-10-22|url-status=live}}</ref> The first Tamil newspaper, ''[[Swadesamitran]]'' was launched in 1899.<ref>{{cite book|title=Madras Rediscovered|last=Muthiah|first=S.|year=2004|publisher=East West Books|isbn=978-8-188-66124-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r8UkDQAAQBAJ&q=andhra+patrika+madras|title=Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology|last1=Narayana|first1=Velcheru|last2=Shulman|first2=David|date=2002|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520225985}}</ref> The state has a number of newspapers and magazines published in various languages including Tamil, English and Telugu.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 9|page=32|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095128/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%209.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The major dailies with more than 100,000 circulation per day include ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Dina Thanthi]]'', ''[[Dinakaran]]'', ''[[The Times of India]]'', ''[[Dina Malar]]'', and ''[[The Deccan Chronicle]]''.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 6|page=8|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095105/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%206.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from multiple cities.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf|title=Press in India 2021-22, Chapter 7|page=5|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223095118/https://rni.nic.in/pdf_file/pin2021_22/Chapter%207.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Government-run [[Doordarshan]] broadcasts terrestrial and [[satellite television]] channels from its Chennai centre set up in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/|title=DD Podighai|publisher=Prasar Bharti|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161844/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/dd-podhigai-homepage/contact/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[DD Podhigai]], Doordarshan's Tamil language regional channel was launched on 14 April 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dd-podhigai-to-be-renamed-as-dd-tamil-from-pongal-day-mos-l-murugan-747473|title=DD Podhigai to be renamed as DD Tamil from Pongal day: MoS L Murugan|date=10 November 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=DT Next|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225063018/https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/dd-podhigai-to-be-renamed-as-dd-tamil-from-pongal-day-mos-l-murugan-747473|url-status=live}}</ref> There are more than 30 private satellite television networks including [[Sun Network]], one of India's largest broadcasting companies is the state, established in 1993.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/|title=Sun Group|publisher=Media Ownership Monitor|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109202439/http://india.mom-gmr.org/en/owners/companies/detail/company/company/show/sun-group/|url-status=live}}</ref> The cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government while [[Direct broadcast satellite|DTH]] and [[Internet Protocol television|IPTV]] is available via various private operators.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arasu Cable to launch operations from September 2|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arasu-cable-to-launch-operations-from-september-2/article2411833.ece|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2011|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071342/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/arasu-cable-to-launch-operations-from-september-2/article2411833.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bsnl-launches-iptv-services-to-its-customers-in-tamil-nadu/article66661237.ece|title=BSNL launches IPTV services to its customers in Tamil Nadu|date=25 March 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209071340/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/bsnl-launches-iptv-services-to-its-customers-in-tamil-nadu/article66661237.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Radio broadcasting]] began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club.<ref>{{cite news|last=Muthiah|first=S.|title=AIR Chennai's 80-year journey|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 May 2018|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece|access-date=28 July 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109035611/https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/air-chennais-80-year-journey/article23947443.ece|archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref> [[All India Radio]] was established in 1938.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780|title=All India Radio, Chennai celebrates 85th anniversary|date=16 June 2002|publisher=News on Air|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128191801/https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=442780|url-status=live}}</ref> There are many [[amplitude modulation|AM]] and [[frequency modulation|FM]] radio stations operated by [[All India Radio]], [[Hello FM]], [[Suryan FM]], [[Radio Mirchi]], [[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]] and [[BIG FM 92.7|BIG FM]] among others.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Gilbert|editor-first=Sean|title=[[World Radio TV Handbook|World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting]]|publisher=WRTH Publications Ltd.|year=2006|place=London|pages=237–242|isbn=0-823-05997-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|title=IRS survey, 2019|publisher=MRUC|access-date=1 December 2023|page=46|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925203217/https://mruc.net/uploads/posts/cd072cdc13d2fe48ac660374d0c22a5d.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the government of Tamil Nadu distributed free televisions to all families, which has led to high penetration of television services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514|title=Jayalalithaa govt scraps free TV scheme in Tamil Nadu|newspaper=DNA India|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707003607/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jayalalithaa-govt-scraps-free-tv-scheme-in-tamil-nadu-1553514|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|date=10 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0|title=What Happens When a State Is Run by Movie Stars|newspaper=New York Times|date=July 2015|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705025800/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/05/magazine/what-happens-when-a-state-is-run-by-movie-stars.html?_r=0|archive-date=5 July 2015|url-status=live|last1=Romig|first1=Rollo}}</ref> From the early 2010s, [[Direct to Home]] has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616|title=FY-2015: Inflection point for DTH companies in India|publisher=India Television|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707011318/http://www.indiantelevision.com/dth/dth-operator/fy-2015-inflection-point-for-dth-companies-in-india-150616|archive-date=7 July 2015|url-status=live|date=16 June 2015}}</ref> [[List of Tamil-language television channels|Tamil television]] serials form a major prime time source of entertainment.<ref>{{cite book|title=Regional Language Television in India: Profiles and Perspectives|year=2021|isbn=978-1-000-47008-6|publisher=Taylor & Francis|first=Mira|last=Desai}}</ref>

===Others===
Fire services are handled by the [[Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services]] which operates 356 operating fire stations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/|title=List of fire stations|publisher=Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Service|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173457/https://www.tnfrs.tn.gov.in/about-us/station-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> Postal service is handled by [[India Post]], which operates more than 11,800 post offices in the state.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf|title=Post offices of Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225070909/https://www.indiapost.gov.in/MBE/DOP_PDFFiles/tamilnadu.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The first post office was established at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php|title=History, Tamil Nadu circle|publisher=[[India Post]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204115809/https://tamilnadupost.cept.gov.in/circle-history.php|url-status=live}}</ref>