Editing Swastika (section)

===Use by neo-Nazis <span class="anchor" id="Neo-Nazism"></span> ===

As with many [[neo-Nazi]] groups across the world, the [[American Nazi Party]] used the swastika as part of its flag before its first dissolution in 1967. The symbol was chosen by the organisation's founder, [[George Lincoln Rockwell]].<ref>Frederick J. Simonelli (1995), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24451464 "The American Nazi Party, 1958–1967"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427075108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24451464 |date=27 April 2020 }}, ''The Historian'', Vol. 57, No.{{spaces}}3 (Spring 1995), pp. 553–566</ref> It was "re-used" by successor organisations in 1983, without the publicity Rockwell's organisation enjoyed.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

The swastika, in various iconographic forms, is one of the hate symbols identified in use as [[graffiti]] in US schools, and is described as such in a 1999 US Department of Education document, "Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counsellors and Administrators", edited by Jim Carnes, which provides advice to educators on how to support students targeted by such hate symbols and address hate graffiti. Examples given show that it is often used alongside other white supremacist symbols, such as those of the [[Ku Klux Klan]], and note a [[Triskelion|"three-bladed" variation]] used by [[White power skinhead|skinheads]], white supremacists, and "[[Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging|some South African extremist groups]]".<ref>Carnes, Jim (1999), [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437466.pdf Responding to Hate at School: A Guide for Teachers, Counselors and Administrators] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224190200/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED437466.pdf |date=24 February 2017 }}, ERIC, Department of Education, US Government, pp. 9–11, 33, 49–50</ref>

The neo-Nazi [[Russian National Unity]] group's branch in Estonia is officially registered under the name "Kolovrat" and published an extremist newspaper in 2001 under the same name.<ref name="Lihachev" /> A criminal investigation found the paper included an array of racial epithets. One Narva resident was sentenced to one year in jail for distribution of ''Kolovrat''.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Mudde |editor-first1=Cas |title=Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe |page=61 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |date=2005 |series=Routledge studies in extremism and democracy |isbn=978-0-415-35593-3 }}</ref> The Kolovrat has since been used by the [[Rusich Group|Rusich Battalion]], a Russian militant group known for its operation during the [[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|war in Donbas]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theinsider.ua/politics/55cdd8ccea6a8/|title=Сомнительная символика в лагере Азовец: зачем выглядеть, как сторонники ДНР? |trans-title=Doubtful symbols in the Azovets camp: why look like DNR supporters? |language=Ukrainian |website=www.theinsider.ua}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Likhachev |first1=Vyacheslav |title=The Far Right in the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026151159/https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rnv95_uk_likhachev_far-right_radicals_final.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-26 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Russie.NEI.Visions in English]] |pages=18–26 |date=July 2016}}</ref> In 2014 and 2015, members of the Ukrainian [[Azov Regiment]] were seen with swastika tattoos.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ukrainian Soldiers Seen Wearing Helmets With Nazi Swastika and SS Symbols |url=https://www.haaretz.com/2014-09-09/ty-article/ukrainian-soldiers-seen-wearing-nazi-symbols/0000017f-e17a-d568-ad7f-f37b64d50000 |agency=Haaretz}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Azov fighters are Ukraine's greatest weapon and may be its greatest threat |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/10/azov-far-right-fighters-ukraine-neo-nazis |agency=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Azov Battalion:The neo-Nazis of Ukraine |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/the-azov-battalion-the-neo-nazis-of-ukraine/article65239935.ece |agency=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Inside Azov, the far-Right brigade killing Russian generals and playing a PR game in the Ukraine war |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/03/18/inside-azov-neo-nazi-brigade-killing-russian-generals-playing/ |agency=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Flag of the American Nazi Party (1960s-2015).svg|Flag of the [[American Nazi Party]]
File:Blason du National Socialist Movement usa.svg|Logo of the [[National Socialist Movement (United States)|National Socialist Movement]] (U.S.)
File:Russian National Unity Emblem.svg|Logo of the [[Russian National Unity]]
</gallery>