Editing Sudan (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Sudan}}
{{See also|Telecommunications in Sudan|Transport in Sudan}}
[[File:Sudan Product Exports (2019).svg|thumb|right|A proportional representation of Sudan exports, 2019]]
[[File:Sudan Map Oelgas.png|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Petroleum|Oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] concessions in Sudan – 2004]]
[[File:GDP per capita development in Sudan.svg|thumb|GDP per capita development in Sudan]]
In 2010, Sudan was considered the 17th-fastest-growing economy<ref>{{cite web |title=Economy |date=20 October 2009 |publisher=Government of South Sudan |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110713221231/http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/about/economicalsummary.html |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url= http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/about/economicalsummary.html}}</ref> in the world and the rapid development of the country largely from oil profits even when facing international sanctions was noted by ''[[The New York Times]]'' in a 2006 article.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Gettleman, Jeffrey |author-link=Jeffrey Gettleman |date=24 October 2006 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/24/world/africa/24sudan.html |work=The New York Times |title=Sudanese civil war? Not Where the Oil Wealth Flows |access-date=24 May 2010 |url-access=registration}}</ref> Because of the secession of [[South Sudan]], which contained about 75 percent of Sudan's oilfields,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/sudan/sudan-economic-outlook/ |title=Sudan Economic Outlook |publisher=African Development Bank |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620030550/http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/sudan/sudan-economic-outlook/ |archive-date=20 June 2013 |url-status=unfit}}</ref> Sudan entered a phase of [[stagflation]], GDP growth slowed to 3.4 percent in 2014, 3.1 percent in 2015 and was projected to recover slowly to 3.7 percent in 2016 while inflation remained as high as 21.8% {{as of |2015|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.afdb.org/en/countries/east-africa/sudan/sudan-economic-outlook/ |title=Sudan Economic Outlook |date=29 March 2019 |publisher=African Development Bank}}</ref> Sudan's GDP fell from US$123.053&nbsp;billion in 2017 to US$40.852&nbsp;billion in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GDP (current US$) – Sudan &#124; Data |website=data.worldbank.org |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?locations=SD&view=chart}}</ref>

Even with the oil profits before the secession of South Sudan, Sudan still faced formidable economic problems, and its growth was still a rise from a very low level of per capita output. The economy of Sudan has been steadily growing over the 2000s, and according to a World Bank report the overall growth in GDP in 2010 was 5.2 percent compared to 2009 growth of 4.2 percent.<ref name="cia"/> This growth was sustained even during the [[war in Darfur]] and [[Southern Sudan Autonomous Region (2005–11)|period of southern autonomy]] preceding South Sudan's independence.<ref>{{cite news |title= South Sudan Gets Ready for Independence |date=21 June 2011 |url= http://english.aljazeera.net/video/africa/2011/06/2011621161012959115.html |access-date=23 June 2011 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gettleman |first=Jeffrey |title=As Secession Nears, Sudan Steps Up Drive to Stop Rebels |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/world/africa/21sudan.html?ref=sudan |access-date=23 June 2011 |newspaper=The New York Times |date=20 June 2011}}</ref>
[[Petroleum|Oil]] was Sudan's main export, with production increasing dramatically during the late 2000s, in the years before South Sudan gained independence in July 2011. With rising oil revenues, the Sudanese economy was booming, with a growth rate of about nine percent in 2007. The independence of oil-rich [[South Sudan]], however, placed most major [[oil fields]] out of the Sudanese government's direct control and oil production in Sudan fell from around {{convert|450000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} to under {{convert|60000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}}. Production has since recovered to hover around {{convert|250000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} for 2014–15.<ref>{{Citation|title=Edit Action|date=7 February 2020|work=Definitions|publisher=Qeios|doi=10.32388/3mbaw4|s2cid=243137947}}</ref>

To export oil, South Sudan relies on a pipeline to [[Port Sudan]] on Sudan's [[Red Sea]] coast, as South Sudan is a [[landlocked country]], as well as the oil refining facilities in Sudan. In August 2012, Sudan and South Sudan agreed to a deal to transport South Sudanese oil through Sudanese pipelines to Port Sudan.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-southsudan-idUSBRE87300520120804 |title=Sudan, South Sudan reach oil deal, will hold border talks |last=Maasho |first=Aaron |date=3 August 2012 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

The People's Republic of China is one of Sudan's major trading partners, China owns a 40 percent share in the [[Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company]].<ref>{{cite web |work=Amnesty International USA |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/Business_and_Human_Rights/The_Big_4/page.do?id=1081006&n1=3&n2=26 |title=The 'Big 4' – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum |access-date=14 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003091005/http://www.amnestyusa.org/Business_and_Human_Rights/The_Big_4/page.do?id=1081006&n1=3&n2=26 |archive-date=3 October 2008}}</ref> The country also sells Sudan small arms, which have been used in military operations such as the conflicts in Darfur and [[South Kordofan conflict|South Kordofan]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Herbst, Moira |date=14 March 2008 |title=Oil for China, Guns for Darfur |url=http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080314_430126.htm?chan=globalbiz_asia+index+page_economics+%2Bamp%3B+policy |access-date=14 March 2009 |location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080405181325/http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/mar2008/gb20080314_430126.htm?chan=globalbiz_asia+index+page_economics++amp%3B+policy |archive-date= 5 April 2008 |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url-status=dead}}</ref>

While historically agriculture remains the main source of income and employment hiring of over 80 percent of Sudanese, and makes up a third of the economic sector, oil production drove most of Sudan's post-2000 growth. Currently, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) is working hand in hand with Khartoum government to implement sound macroeconomic policies. This follows a turbulent period in the 1980s when debt-ridden Sudan's relations with the IMF and World Bank soured, culminating in its eventual suspension from the IMF.{{sfn|Brown|1992|p={{page needed|date=June 2013}}}}

According to the Corruptions Perception Index, Sudan is one of the most corrupt nations in the world.<ref>Corruption Perceptions Index 2013. [http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/ Full table and rankings] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131203061004/http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2013/results/ |date=3 December 2013 }}. Transparency International. Retrieved 4 December 2013.</ref> According to the [[Global Hunger Index]] of 2013, Sudan has an GHI indicator value of 27.0 indicating that the nation has an 'Alarming Hunger Situation.' It is rated the fifth hungriest nation in the world.<ref>Welthungerhilfe, IFPRI, and Concern Worldwide: [http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf 2013 Global Hunger Index – The challenge of hunger: Building Resilience to Achieve Food and Nutrition Security]. Bonn, Washington D. C., Dublin. October 2013.</ref> According to the 2015 [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) Sudan ranked the 167th place in human development, indicating Sudan still has one of the lowest human development rates in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2013/|title=The 2013 Human Development Report – "The Rise of the South: Human Progress in a Diverse World"|publisher=[[Human Development Report|HDRO (Human Development Report Office)]] [[United Nations Development Programme]]|pages=144–147|access-date=15 January 2014|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013923/http://hdr.undp.org/en/2013-report|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2014, 45% of the population lives on less than US$3.20 per day, up from 43% in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poverty headcount ratio at $3.20 a day (2011 PPP) (% of population) – Sudan {{!}} Data|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.LMIC?locations=SD|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

=== Science and research ===
Sudan has around 25–30 universities; instruction is primarily in Arabic or English. Education at the secondary and university levels has been seriously hampered by the requirement that most males perform military service before completing their education.<ref name="cp">{{cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Sudan.pdf |title=Sudan country profile |publisher=Library of Congress Federal Research Division |date=December 2004 |access-date=31 May 2013}}</ref> In addition, the "Islamisation" encouraged by president Al-Bashir alienated many researchers. The official language of instruction in universities was changed from English to Arabic and Islamic courses became mandatory. Internal science funding withered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Nordling|first=Linda|date=15 December 2017|title=Sudan seeks a science revival|journal=Science|volume=358|issue=6369|page=1369|doi=10.1126/science.358.6369.1369 |pmid=29242326|bibcode=2017Sci...358.1369N}}</ref> According to [[UNESCO]], more than 3,000 Sudanese researchers left the country between 2002 and 2014. By 2013, the country had a mere 19 researchers for every 100,000 citizens, or 1/30 the ratio of [[Egypt]], according to the Sudanese National Centre for Research. In 2015, Sudan published only about 500 scientific papers.<ref name=":0" /> In comparison, Poland, a country of similar population size, publishes on the order of 10,000 papers per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|website=www.openaccessweek.org|access-date=16 December 2017|archive-date=17 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sudan's National Space Program has produced multiple [[CubeSat]] satellites, and has plans to produce a Sudanese communications satellite (SUDASAT-1) and a Sudanese remote sensing satellite (SRSS-1). The Sudanese government contributed to an offer pool for a private-sector ground surveying Satellite operating above Sudan, Arabsat 6A, which was successfully launched on 11 April 2019, from the Kennedy Space Center.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=Space in |date=23 July 2019 |title=Inside Sudan's National Space Programme |url=https://africanews.space/inside-sudans-national-space-programme/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=Space in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Sudanese president Omar Hassan al-Bashir called for an African Space Agency in 2012, but plans were never made final.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Smith |first1=David |date=6 September 2012 |title=Sudanese president calls for African space agency |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/06/sudanese-president-african-space-agency |access-date=7 March 2023 }}</ref>