Editing Slavery (section)

== Contemporary slavery ==
{{See also|Contemporary slavery|Slavery in contemporary Africa|Child slavery|Trafficking of children|Illegal immigration#Slavery|Slavery in the 21st century}}
[[File:Maps Global Slavery Index 2024.svg|thumb|402x402px|Modern incidence of slavery, as a percentage of the population, by country (2024).]]
Even though slavery is now outlawed in every country, the number of slaves today is estimated as between 12&nbsp;million and 29.8&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/freedom-fighter |title=A Mauritanian Abolitionist's Crusade Against Slavery |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=September 8, 2014 |access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name="Forced labour – Themes">{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm |title=Forced labour – Themes |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |access-date=March 14, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209072059/http://www.ilo.org/global/Themes/Forced_Labour/lang--en/index.htm |archive-date=February 9, 2010}}</ref><ref name=WFF>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/ |title=Inaugural Global Slavery Index Reveals More Than 29 Million People Living In Slavery |website=Global Slavery Index 2013 |date=October 4, 2013 |access-date=October 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407232555/http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/category/press-release/ |archive-date=April 7, 2016 }}</ref> According to a broad definition of slavery, there were 27&nbsp;million people in slavery in 1999, spread all over the world.{{sfn|Bales|1999|p=9|loc=Chapter 1}} In 2005, the [[International Labour Organization]] provided an estimate of 12.3&nbsp;million forced labourers.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A Global Alliance Against Forced Labour |isbn=978-92-2-115360-3 |publisher=International Labour Organisation |year=2005}}</ref> [[Siddharth Kara]] has also provided an estimate of 28.4&nbsp;million slaves at the end of 2006 divided into three categories: [[bonded labour]]/[[debt bondage]] (18.1&nbsp;million), forced labour (7.6&nbsp;million), and trafficked slaves (2.7&nbsp;million).<ref name="Dhaliwal"/> Kara provides a dynamic model to calculate the number of slaves in the world each year, with an estimated 29.2&nbsp;million at the end of 2009.

[[File:Mali1974-151 hg.jpg|thumb|[[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] society is traditionally hierarchical, ranging from nobles, through vassals, to dark-skinned slaves.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fortin |first=Jacey |title=Mali's Other Crisis: Slavery Still Plagues Mali, And Insurgency Could Make It Worse |newspaper=International Business Times |date=January 16, 2013 |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/malis-other-crisis-slavery-still-plagues-mali-insurgency-could-make-it-worse-1017280}}</ref>]]

According to a 2003 report by [[Human Rights Watch]], an estimated 15&nbsp;million children in [[debt bondage in India]] work in slavery-like conditions to pay off their family's debts.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Coursen-Neff |first1=Zama |last2=Tribune |first2=International Herald |date=January 30, 2003 |title=For 15 million in India, a childhood of slavery |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/30/opinion/IHT-meanwhile-for-15-million-in-india-a-childhood-of-slavery.html |access-date=February 11, 2021 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 23, 2003 |title=Child Slaves Abandoned to India's Silk Industry |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2003/01/23/child-slaves-abandoned-indias-silk-industry |access-date=February 11, 2021 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref>

[[Slavoj Žižek]] asserts that new forms of contemporary slavery have been created in the post-Cold War era of global [[capitalism]], including migrant workers deprived of basic civil rights on the [[Arabian Peninsula]], the total control of workers in Asian [[sweatshops]] and the use of forced labor in the exploitation of natural resources in [[Central Africa]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Žižek |first=Slavoj |author-link=Slavoj Žižek |date=2018 |title=The Courage of Hopelessness: A Year of Acting Dangerously |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POZFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29 |publisher=Melville House |page=29 |isbn=978-1-61219-003-7 |access-date=July 11, 2018 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727165255/https://books.google.com/books?id=POZFDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA29 |url-status=live |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
In June 2013, [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]] released a report on slavery. It placed [[Slavery in Russia|Russia]], [[Laogai|China]], and Uzbekistan in the worst offenders category. Cuba, Iran, North Korea, [[Slavery in Sudan|Sudan]], Syria, and Zimbabwe were at the lowest level. The list also included Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia and Kuwait among a total of 21 countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rendezvous.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/20/27-million-people-said-to-live-in-modern-slavery/?_r= |work=[[The New York Times]] |title=27 Million People Said to Live in 'Modern Slavery' |date=June 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/19/19042103-modern-day-slavery-state-dept-says-millions-of-human-trafficking-victims-go-unidentified |access-date=February 12, 2021 |first=Matthew |last=DeLuca |title='Modern-day slavery': State Dept. says millions of human trafficking victims go unidentified |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=June 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623030127/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/19/19042103-modern-day-slavery-state-dept-says-millions-of-human-trafficking-victims-go-unidentified |archive-date=June 23, 2013}}</ref>

In Kuwait, there are more than 600,000 migrant domestic workers who are vulnerable to forced labor and legally tied to their employers, who often illegally take their passports.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sebastian |first1=Clare |title=She escaped domestic slavery, now she helps other survivors |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/30/world/francisca-awah-tip-report-hero/index.html |access-date=February 7, 2021 |publisher=CNN |date=July 30, 2018}}</ref> In 2019, online slave markets on apps such as Instagram were uncovered.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pinnell |first1=Owen |last2=Kelly |first2=Jess |title=Kuwait moves on Instagram slave traders after BBC investigation |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-50266663 |access-date=February 7, 2021 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=November 1, 2019}}</ref>

In the preparations for the [[2022 FIFA World Cup|2022 World Cup in Qatar]], thousands of Nepalese, the largest group of labourers, faced slavery in the form of denial of wages, confiscation of documents, and inability to leave the workplace.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Qatar's World Cup 'slaves' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves |last=Pattisson |first=Pete |date=2013-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926223628/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves |archive-date=26 Sep 2013 |access-date=2024-01-16 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016, the United Nations gave Qatar 12 months to end migrant worker slavery or face investigation.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Booth |first1=Robert |title=UN gives Qatar a year to end forced labour of migrant workers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/mar/24/un-gives-qatar-year-end-forced-labour-migrant-workers |access-date=February 7, 2021 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 24, 2016}}</ref>

The [[Walk Free Foundation]] reported in 2018 that slavery in wealthy Western societies is much more prevalent than previously known, in particular the United States and Great Britain, which have 403,000 (one in 800) and 136,000 slaves respectively. Andrew Forrest, founder of the organization, said that "The United States is one of the most advanced countries in the world yet has more than 400,000 modern slaves working under forced labour conditions."<ref>{{cite news |last=Helmore |first=Edward |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Over 400,000 people living in 'modern slavery' in U.S., report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/19/us-modern-slavery-report-global-slavery-index |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=July 21, 2018}}</ref> An estimated 40.3&nbsp;million are enslaved globally, with North Korea having the most slaves at 2.6&nbsp;million (one in 10). Of the estimated 40.3 million people in contemporary slavery, 71% are women and 29% are men. The report found of the 40.3 million in modern slavery, 15.4 million are in [[forced marriage]]s and 24.9 million are in [[Forced labour|forced labor]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Slavery Index |url=https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/highlights/ |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=globalslaveryindex.org}}</ref> The foundation defines contemporary slavery as "situations of exploitation that a person cannot refuse or leave because of threats, violence, coercion, abuse of power, or deception."<ref>{{cite news |last=Tutton |first=Mark |date=July 19, 2018 |title=Modern slavery in developed countries more common than thought |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/07/19/world/global-slavery-index-2018/index.html |publisher=[[CNN]] |access-date= July 21, 2018}}</ref>

==== China ====
{{see also|Xinjiang internment camps}}In March 2020, the Chinese government was found to be using the [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] minority for forced labour, inside [[sweat shops]]. According to a report published then by the [[Australian Strategic Policy Institute|Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI)]], no fewer than around 80,000 Uyghurs were [[Persecution of Uyghurs in China|forcibly removed]] from the region of [[Xinjiang]] and used for forced labour in at least twenty-seven corporate factories.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Xu |first1=Vicky Xiuzhong |last2=Cave |first2=Danielle |last3=Leiboid |first3=James |last4=Munro |first4=Kelsey |last5=Ruser |first5=Nathan |date=February 2020 |title=Uyghurs for Sale |url=https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=Australian Strategic Policy Institute |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824215335/https://www.aspi.org.au/report/uyghurs-sale}}</ref> According to the Business and Human Rights resource center, corporations such as [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], [[Adidas]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[BMW]], [[Fila (company)|Fila]], [[Gap Inc.|Gap]], [[H&M]], [[Inditex]], [[Marks & Spencer]], [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]], [[The North Face|North Face]], [[Puma (brand)|Puma]], [[PVH (company)|PVH]], [[Samsung]], and [[Uniqlo|UNIQLO]] have each sourced products from these factories prior to the publication of the ASPI report.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/ |title=China: 83 major brands implicated in report on forced labour of ethnic minorities from Xinjiang assigned to factories across provinces; Includes company responses – Business & Human Rights Resource Centre |website=business-humanrights.org}}</ref>

==== Libya ====
During the [[Second Libyan Civil War]], Libyans started capturing [[Slavery in Libya|Sub-Saharan African migrants]] trying to get to Europe through Libya and selling them on slave markets or holding them hostage for [[ransom]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Quackenbush |first=Casey |title=The Libyan Slave Trade Has Shocked the World. Here's What You Should Know |date=December 1, 2017 |magazine=[[Time Magazine|Time]]}}</ref> Women are often raped, used as [[sex slave]]s, or sold to [[brothel]]s.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39567632 |title=African migrants 'sold in slave markets' |date=April 11, 2017 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 12, 2017 |publisher=[[Nation Media Group]] |url=http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html |title=African migrants sold as 'slaves' for $200 in Libya |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412082356/http://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/African-migrants-sold-as-slaves-in-Libya-/1066-3886812-5hy4xoz/index.html |archive-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://boingboing.net/2017/04/11/international-organization-for.html |title=West African migrants are kidnapped and sold in Libyan slave markets |website=[[Boing Boing]] |date=April 11, 2017 |last=Doctorow |first=Cory |author1-link=Cory Doctorow}}</ref> Child migrants suffer from abuse and [[child rape]] in Libya.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-39109585 |title=Libya exposed as child migrant abuse hub |first=Paul |last=Adams |date=February 28, 2017 |publisher=[[BBC News]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women,-Children-Raped,-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef |title=Immigrant Women, Children Raped, Starved in Libya's Hellholes: Unicef |work=::ALWAGHT |date=February 28, 2017 |access-date=November 19, 2017 |archive-date=March 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330130812/http://alwaght.com/en/News/89562/Immigrant-Women%2C-Children-Raped%2C-Starved-in-Libya%E2%80%99s-Hellholes-Unicef}}</ref>

==== Mauritania ====
[[Slavery in Mauritania|Mauritania]], was the last country to abolish slavery (in 1981), it is estimated that 20% of its population of 3 million people are enslaved as bonded labourers,<ref name=BBC /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1458_abolition/page4.shtml |title=The Abolition season on BBC World Service |publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref><ref name="cnnmauritania">{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/03/world/mauritania.slaverys.last.stronghold/index.html |title=Slavery's last stronghold |first=John D. |last=Sutter |date=March 2012 |access-date=May 28, 2012 |publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> with black [[Haratin]] being slaves and Berbers and Arabs the owners.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mauritania |url=https://www.genocidewatch.com/mauritania |access-date=2025-03-07 |website=genocidewatch |language=en}}</ref> Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007.<ref name=BBC /> However, although slavery, as a practice, was legally banned in 1981, it was not a crime to own a slave until 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/17/un-there-is-hope-for-mauritanias-slaves/ |publisher=[[CNN]] |title=UN: There is hope for Mauritania's slaves |date=March 17, 2012 |access-date=January 3, 2014 |archive-date=March 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323013339/https://thecnnfreedomproject.blogs.cnn.com/2012/03/17/un-there-is-hope-for-mauritanias-slaves/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Although many slaves have escaped or have been freed since 2007, {{As of|2012|lc=y}}, only one slave owner had been sentenced to serve time in prison.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anti-slavery law still tough to enforce |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news/2012/12/11/anti-slavery-law-still-tough-enforce |access-date=February 6, 2021 |website=[[The New Humanitarian]] |date=December 11, 2012}}</ref>

==== North Korea ====
{{see also|Human rights in North Korea}}
North Korea's human rights record is often considered to be the worst in the world and has been globally condemned, with the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]] and groups such as [[Human Rights Watch]] all critical of the country's record. Forms of [[torture]], forced labour, and abuses are all widespread. Most international human rights organizations consider North Korea to have no contemporary parallel<ref>{{cite web |title=Issues North Korea |work=[[Amnesty International]] UK |url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/issues/North-Korea |access-date=July 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702014419/http://amnesty.org.uk/issues/North-Korea |archive-date=July 2, 2014}}</ref> with respect to violations of liberty.<ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |chapter=VII. Conclusions and Recommendations |publisher=United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights |date=February 17, 2014 |chapter-url=http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc |access-date=July 1, 2014 |page=365 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227104633/http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/CoIDPRK/Report/A.HRC.25.CRP.1_ENG.doc |archive-date=February 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=World Report 2014: North Korea |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=January 21, 2014 |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/north-korea |access-date=July 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707145323/http://www.hrw.org/world-report/2014/country-chapters/north-korea |archive-date=July 7, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=North Korea |work=[[Christian Solidarity Worldwide]] |url=http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/country.asp?s=id&urn=North_Korea |access-date=July 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132616/http://dynamic.csw.org.uk/country.asp?s=id&urn=North_Korea |archive-date=July 14, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ICNK welcomes UN inquiry on North Korea report, calls for action |work=[[International Coalition to Stop Crimes Against Humanity in North Korea]] |date=February 20, 2014 |url=http://www.stopnkcrimes.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=statements&wr_id=54 |access-date=July 1, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006073948/http://www.stopnkcrimes.org/bbs/board.php?bo_table=statements&wr_id=54 |archive-date=October 6, 2014}}</ref>

==== Taiwan ====
Taiwan's migrant worker population—estimated in 2018 to be up to 660,000 in number—have reportedly faced slavery-like conditions involving sexual abuse in the [[Migrant caregivers in Taiwan|domestic work]] sector<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-25 |title=Modern day slavery |url=https://www.columban.org.fj/media-and-publications/the-far-east-magazine/archive/2018/the-far-east-january/february-2018/modern-day-slavery |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[Missionary Society of St. Columban]] |language=en |quote="Many of them are locked in the house of their Taiwanese employers, never allowed to have a day off, and virtually under the control of their employer," Fr O’Neill said. "Some are also victims of sexual abuse – raped by the husband who is their employer. They run away and become undocumented workers, then they are lured by the illegal brokers to find work. Some of them end up in brothels and become victims of sex trafficking."}}</ref> and forced labor in [[Fishing industry in Taiwan|fishing]] sectors.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9y7RnfnUAVY&t=81s |title=Death By Fishing: How Taiwan's Seafood Got Tainted With Blood {{!}} CNA Correspondent |date=2022-03-03 |type=Television production |language=en |publisher=[[CNA (TV network)|CNA]] |access-date=2024-05-19 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Greenpeace Condemns Biden Administration's Top Tier Ranking of Taiwan in latest Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/greenpeace-condemns-biden-administrations-top-tier-ranking-of-taiwan-in-latest-trafficking-in-persons-report/ |access-date=2024-05-19 |website=[[Greenpeace]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Taiwan is among a minority of places in the world that legally allows labor brokers to charge migrant workers for services which elsewhere are covered by employers as human resource costs.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Peter Bengtsen |date=October 31, 2023 |title=Debt Bondage in Space, and Taiwan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/10/debt-bondage-in-space-and-taiwan/ |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref> A few Taiwanese universities have reportedly tricked students from [[Eswatini]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2018 |title=Swaziland: Students in Taiwan Forced to Work 'Like Slaves' in Frozen Chicken Factory |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201811200377.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120141436/https://allafrica.com/stories/201811200377.html |archive-date=20 November 2018 |work=[[AllAfrica]]}}</ref> [[Uganda]] and [[Sri Lanka]] into forced labour at factories as payment for the university programs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Huang Rongwen |date=2022-02-10 |title=Exploitation cases of Sri Lankan students in Taiwan expose education sector flaws |url=https://themorning.lk//articles/188339 |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=[[The Morning (Sri Lanka)]] |publication-place=[[National Changhua University of Education]] |archive-date=May 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522092218/https://www.themorning.lk/articles/188339 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some charity groups in 2007 also insisted that foreign women—mostly from China and Southeast Asia—were being forced into prostitution, although local police in [[Tainan]] disagreed and said they deliberately came to Taiwan "to sell sex".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Max Hirsch |date=2007-05-23 |title=Officials divided on sex slave issue |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2007/05/23/2003362069 |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=[[Taipei Times]]}}</ref>

==== Yemen ====
{{See also|Slavery in Yemen}}
Despite being formally abolished in the 1960s, [[slavery in Yemen]] remains a significant issue exacerbated by ongoing conflict and socio-economic instability.  An estimated 85,000 people remaining enslaved as of 2022.  The Iran-backed Houthi militias have been accused of reinstating traditional slavery systems. Reports indicate that over 1,800 Yemenis have been forced into servitude by prominent Houthi leaders, with the Houthis dividing society into hierarchical classes of masters and slaves.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive - Houthis Restore Slavery in Yemen |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/1810456/exclusive-houthis-restore-slavery-yemen |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=english.aawsat.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tj-yemen">{{Cite web |last=Srebrnik |first=Henry |date=February 4, 2024 |title="Henry Srebrnik: The world ignores slavery in Yemen" |url=https://tj.news/tj-comment/henry-srebrnik-the-world-ignores-slavery-in-yemen|access-date=October 24, 2024 |website=Telegraph-Journal}}</ref> 
This modern slavery encompasses various forms, such as forced labor, sexual exploitation, human trafficking, and child recruitment.
<ref name="mideast-yemen">{{Cite web |title=Yemen's Houthis and STC accused of forcing Ethiopian women into 'sexual slavery' |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/yemen-ethiopia-women-forced-houthis-stc-sexual-slavery |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref> 
Vulnerable populations include the Al Muhamashīn community, Ethiopian migrants, and children who are subjected to severe discrimination and exploitation.
<ref name="mideast-yemen" /> 
<ref name="tj-yemen" /> 
Despite legal prohibitions against slavery in Yemen, enforcement is weak due to political instability and ongoing civil war.
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yemen |url=https://antislaverylaw.ac.uk/country/yemen/ |access-date=2024-10-23 |website=Antislavery in Domestic Legislation |language=en-US}}</ref> 
International organizations have documented these abuses, highlighting the need for stronger interventions to combat slavery and human trafficking in the region.
<ref name="mideast-yemen" />

=== Economics ===
While American slaves in 1809 were sold for around $40,000 (in inflation adjusted dollars), a slave nowadays can be bought for just $90, making replacement more economical than providing long-term care.<ref name="Economics and Slavery">{{cite web |title=Economics and Slavery |url=http://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/economic.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725135043if_/https://www.du.edu/korbel/hrhw/researchdigest/slavery/economic.pdf |archive-date=July 25, 2014 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |publisher=Du.edu}}</ref> Slavery is a multibillion-dollar industry with estimates of up to $35&nbsp;billion generated annually.<ref name="investvine">{{cite web |url=http://investvine.com/modern-day-slavery-in-southeast-asia-thailand-and-cambodia/ |title=Modern day slavery in Southeast Asia: Thailand and Cambodia |first=Laurence |last=Bradford |website=Inside Investor |date=July 23, 2013 |access-date=July 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323032459/http://investvine.com/modern-day-slavery-in-southeast-asia-thailand-and-cambodia/ |archive-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref>

=== Trafficking ===
Victims of [[human trafficking]] are typically recruited through deceit or trickery (such as a false job offer, false migration offer, or false marriage offer), sale by family members, recruitment by former slaves, or outright abduction. Victims are forced into a "debt slavery" situation by coercion, deception, fraud, intimidation, isolation, threat, physical force, debt bondage or even [[force-feeding]] with drugs to control their victims.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-against-women/end-human-trafficking/trafficking-faq/page.do?id=1108432&n1=3&n2=39&n3=738 |title=Trafficking FAQs – Amnesty International USA |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] |date=March 30, 2007 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090708085725/http://www.amnestyusa.org/violence-against-women/end-human-trafficking/trafficking-faq/page.do?id=1108432&n1=3&n2=39&n3=738 |archive-date=July 8, 2009 }}</ref> "Annually, according to U.S. government-sponsored research completed in 2006, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders, which does not include millions trafficked within their own countries. Approximately 80% of transnational victims are women and girls, and up to 50% are minors, reports the U.S. State Department in a 2008 study.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2008 |title=Lost Daughters – An ongoing tragedy in Nepal |url=https://womennewsnetwork.net/2008/12/05/lostdaughternepal808/ |access-date=February 6, 2021 |website=Women News Network |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162847/https://womennewsnetwork.net/2008/12/05/lostdaughternepal808/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

While the majority of trafficking victims are women who are [[forced prostitution|forced into prostitution]] (in which case the practice is called sex trafficking), victims also include men, women and children who are forced into [[manual labour]].<ref name="state. gov">{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2005/46606.htm |title=US State Department Trafficking report |publisher=State.gov |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> Because of the illegal nature of human trafficking, its extent is unknown. A U.S. government report, published in 2005, estimates that about 700,000 people worldwide are trafficked across borders each year. This figure does not include those who are trafficked internally.<ref name="state. gov"/> Another research effort revealed that roughly 1.5&nbsp;million individuals are trafficked either internally or internationally each year, of which about 500,000 are sex trafficking victims.<ref name="Dhaliwal"/>