Editing Second Sino-Japanese War (section)

==Ethnic minorities==
{{Main|Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War}}

[[File:Ma Jia Jun.jpg|thumb|Chinese Muslim cavalry]]

Japan attempted to reach out to Chinese ethnic minorities in order to rally them to their side against the [[Han Chinese]], but only succeeded with certain [[Manchu]], [[Mongol]], [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]], and [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]] elements.

The Japanese attempt to get the Muslim [[Hui people]] on their side failed, as many Chinese generals such as [[Bai Chongxi]], Ma Hongbin, [[Ma Hongkui]], and [[Ma Bufang]] were Hui. The Japanese attempted to approach Ma Bufang but were unsuccessful in making any agreement with him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WltwAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang|title=China's inner Asian frontier: photographs of the Wulsin expedition to northwest China in 1923 : from the archives of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, and the National Geographic Society|author1=Frederick Roelker Wulsin |author2=Joseph Fletcher |editor=Mary Ellen Alonso |year=1979|publisher=The Museum : distributed by Harvard University Press|page=50|isbn=0-674-11968-1|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012013926/https://books.google.com/books?id=WltwAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma Bufang ended up supporting the anti-Japanese Imam [[Hu Songshan]], who prayed for the destruction of the Japanese.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=uxiang|title=Intellectuals in the modern Islamic world: transmission, transformation, communication|author1=Stéphane A. Dudoignon|author2=Hisao Komatsu|author3=Yasushi Kosugi|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=261|isbn=0-415-36835-9|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012014428/https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzB6wrz6Q4C&q=uxiang|url-status=live}}</ref> Ma became chairman (governor) of Qinghai in 1938 and commanded a group army. He was appointed because of his anti-Japanese inclinations,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fOkvAQAAIAAJ|title=China Political Reports 1911–1960: 1942–1945|author=Robert L. Jarman|year=2001|publisher=Archive Editions|isbn=1-85207-930-4|page=311|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012014427/https://books.google.com/books?id=fOkvAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> and was such an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans that he was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDqlbKQhFIQC&pg=PA56|title=Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise|author1=Hisao Kimura|author2=Scott Berry|year=1990|publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc.|isbn=0-906026-24-5|page=232|access-date=2010-06-28|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012014428/https://books.google.com/books?id=wDqlbKQhFIQC&pg=PA56|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hui Muslims===
Hui cemeteries were destroyed for military reasons.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lei |first=Wan |date=February 2010 |title=The Chinese Islamic 'Goodwill Mission to the Middle East' During the Anti-Japanese War |url=https://www.academia.edu/4427135 |journal=Dîvân Di̇si̇pli̇nlerarasi Çalişmalar Dergi̇si̇ |volume=cilt 15 |issue=sayı 29 |pages=139–141 |access-date=19 June 2014 |archive-date=18 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318035752/http://www.academia.edu/4427135/The_Chinese_Islamic_Goodwill_Mission_to_the_Middle_East_-_Japonyaya_Karsi_Savasta_Cinli_Muslumanlarin_Orta_Dogu_iyi_Niyet_Heyeti_-_Wan_LEI |url-status=live }}</ref> Many Hui fought in the war against the Japanese such as Bai Chongxi, Ma Hongbin, Ma Hongkui, Ma Bufang, [[Ma Zhanshan]], Ma Biao, [[Ma Zhongying]], Ma Buqing and Ma Hushan. Qinghai Tibetans served in the Qinghai army against the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book|title=China at War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9EMAQAAMAAJ&q=unique+1937+aboriginal|year=1940|publisher=China Information Publishing Company|page=16|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012014429/https://books.google.com/books?id=O9EMAQAAMAAJ&q=unique+1937+aboriginal|url-status=live}}</ref> The Qinghai Tibetans view the Tibetans of Central Tibet (Tibet proper, ruled by the Dalai Lamas from Lhasa) as distinct and different from themselves, and even take pride in the fact that they were not ruled by Lhasa ever since the collapse of the [[Tibetan Empire]].<ref>{{cite journal |last= Goodman |first= David S. G. |year= 2004 |title= Qinghai and the Emergence of the West: Nationalities, Communal Interaction and National Integration |url= http://qinghaiecotourism.com/zh/assets/Emergence%25202004.pdf |journal= The China Quarterly |publisher= Cambridge University Press for the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London, UK. |issn= 0305-7410 |page= 385 |access-date= 13 July 2014 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131412/http://qinghaiecotourism.com/zh/assets/Emergence%25202004.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref>

Xining was subjected to aerial bombardment by Japanese warplanes in 1941, causing all ethnicities in Qinghai to unite against the Japanese. General [[Han Youwen]] directed the defense of the city of Xining during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone by Ma Bufang, who hid in an air-raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in Han being buried in rubble, though he was later rescued.

John Scott reported in 1934 that there was both strong anti-Japanese feeling and anti-Bolshevik among the Muslims of Gansu and he mentioned the Muslim generals Ma Fuxiang, Ma Qi, Ma Anliang and Ma Bufang who was chairman of Qinghai province when he stayed in Xining.<ref>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=John |author-link= |date=17 October 1934 |title=Journal Of The Royal Central Asian Society – Vol.21; Pt. 1- 4 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.4291/page/n25/mode/2up?view=theater |location= |publisher= |pages=25, 26 |isbn=|quote=We spent a day resting at Hsining. This is a walled city lying just within the old Tibetan border, and is the capital of the new Province of Ching Hai and the seat of the Provincial Civil Government. The Chairman of the Provincial Council, or Shihehang, is Ma Pu Fang, a young Moslem in the early thirties, a strong and somewhat ruthless character as befits a scion of the family which has in recent years produced such outstanding men as Ma An Liang, Ma Ch'i, and Ma Fu Hsiang. He has kept the Province in fair order, since he assumed control a year or two ago; though his relations with the Military Governor, his uncle Ma Shun Cheng, are at the moment none too cordial and trouble threatens. Further, there is a certain movement for independence among these Moslems, and a tendency to break away from Nanking and join up with their fellow-Moslems further west. The latter is much under the influence of Russia, which for years has tried to extend its influence into Kansu, but with very little success, for the Kansu Moslems are a sturdy independent people and make poor material for Bolshevik propaganda. We saw no signs of any Japanese whatever, and strong anti-Japanese feeling was very apparent.|chapter=A SHORT JOURNEY THROUGH NORTHWESTERN KANSU AND THE TIBETAN BORDER COUNTRY }}</ref>