Editing Russia (section)

=== Transport and energy ===
{{Main|Transport in Russia|Energy in Russia}}
[[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly controlled by the state-run [[Russian Railways]]. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], exceeding {{convert|87000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Russia has the world's [[List of countries by road network size|fifth-largest road network]], with over 1.5 million&nbsp;km of roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/info/22865/ |title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры|trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure |work=[[Government of Russia]] |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> However, its road density is among the world's lowest, in part to its vast land area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/ |title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific. |work=International Road Federation |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the [[List of countries by waterways length|longest in the world]], totaling {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> It has over [[List of airports in Russia|900 airports]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Airports – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> ranking seventh in the world, of which the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow. The largest ports include the [[Port of Novorossiysk]], the [[Great Port of Saint Petersburg]] and the [[Port of Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korovyakovsky |first1=Eugene |last2=Panova |first2=Yulia |title=Dynamics of Russian dry ports |journal=Research in Transportation Economics |volume=33 |number=1 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/j.retrec.2011.08.008 |pages=25-34}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| image1            = VL 85-022 container train.jpg
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world. |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Katie |last=Warren |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>}}
| image2            = Airbus A319-112, CSA - Czech Airlines AN2166020.jpg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] is the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest airport in Russia]]}}
}}
Russia has one of the world's largest amounts of [[World energy resources|energy resources]] throughout its vast landmass, particularly [[natural gas]] and [[Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification|oil]], which play a crucial role in its energy self-sufficiency and exports.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=295–382|loc=The Economy}} It has been widely described [[Russia as an energy superpower|as an energy superpower]].<ref>{{cite book | editor = Elizabeth Buchanan |year=2021 | title = Russian Energy Strategy in the Asia-Pacific: Implications for Australia | publisher =  Australian National University | page = 86 | isbn = 978-1-76046-339-7 | oclc = 1246214035 | url = {{GBurl|id=bdIwEAAAQBAJ|p=86}}}}</ref> Russia has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |title=Natural gas – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174101/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> the second-largest [[List of countries by coal reserves|coal reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition |url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=bp.com |publisher=[[BP]] |page=45}}</ref> the eighth-largest [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|proven oil reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2010 |title=2010 Survey of Energy Resources |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/ser_2010_report_1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |page=102 |isbn=978-0-946121-02-1}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it is also the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest producer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=10&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Dry natural gas production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> and the [[List of countries by natural gas exports|third-largest exporter]] of [[natural gas]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=89&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Dry natural gas exports 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> as well as the second-largest [[List of countries by oil production|producer]] and [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]] of [[crude oil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=173&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Crude oil including lease condensate production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> Russia's large oil and gas sector accounted for 30% of its federal budget revenues in 2024, down from 50% in the mid-2010s, suggesting economic diversification.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yermakov |first=Vitaly |title=Fiscal Flex: Russia's oil and gas revenues in 2024 |date=February 2025 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Comment-Fiscal-Flex.pdf}}</ref>

Russia is the world's [[List of countries by electricity production|third-largest electricity producer]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=12&u=0&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023 |title=Total energy production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> [[Fossil fuel]]s account for over 64% of  energy production and 87% of energy consumption.<ref name="energy">{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |title=Russia: Energy Country Profile |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/russia |journal=[[Our World in Data]] |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> Natural gas is by far the largest source of energy, comprising over half of the energy production and 42% of electricity consumption.<ref name="energy"/> Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power, building the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]] in 1954, and remains a pioneer in nuclear energy technology and is considered a world leader in [[Fast-neutron reactor|fast neutron reactors]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in Russia |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> Russia is the world's [[Nuclear power by country|fourth-largest nuclear energy producer]], which accounts for roughly one-fourth of energy generation (18%).<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Nuclear Power Today |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> Russian energy policy aims to expand the role of nuclear energy and develop new reactor technology.<ref name=":4" /> Russia is the sole country that builds and operates [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s,<ref name="icebreaker">{{cite journal |last1=Lysenko |first1=Mikhail N. |last2=Alexander N. |first2=Vylegzhanin |last3=Oran R. |first3=Young |title=Nuclear Safety and Security in the Arctic: Crafting an Effective Regional Governance System |journal=Arctic Review on Law and Politics |volume= 13 |year=2022 |pages=191–212 |doi=10.23865/arctic.v13.3820 |jstor=48710665|doi-access=free }}</ref> which ease navigation along the [[Northern Sea Route]],<ref name="icebreaker"/>{{rp|192}} and aid in utilizing its [[Arctic policy of Russia|Arctic policy]] in its [[continental shelf of Russia|continental shelf]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/russia-in-the-arctica-critical-examination |title=Russia in the Arctic—A Critical Examination |journal=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

Russia joined the [[Paris Agreement]] on [[climate change]] in 2015, and ratified the agreement in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitrova |first=Tatiana |date=27 July 2021 |title=Is Russia Finally Ready to Tackle Climate Change? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/07/is-russia-finally-ready-to-tackle-climate-change?lang=en |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Its [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia|greenhouse gas emissions]] are the [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|fourth-largest in the world]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/2018/3/story/20180301STO98928/20180301STO98928_en.pdf |title=Greenhouse gas emissions by country and sector (infographic) |date=12 February 2024 |work=[[European Parliament]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> Coal accounts for over 16% of energy generation.<ref name="energy"/> Russia is the [[Hydroelectricity#World hydroelectric capacity|fifth-largest hydroelectric producer]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whiteman |first1=Adrian |last2=Akande |first2=Dennis |last3=Elhassan |first3=Nazik |last4=Escamilla |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lebedys |first5=Arvydas |last6=Arkhipova |first6=Lana |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-9260-342-7}}</ref> with hydroelectric power contributing almost a fifth to the total energy generation (17%).<ref name="energy"/> Though it is the [[List of countries by renewable electricity production|eighth-largest renewable energy producer]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}, the use and development of other [[renewable energy]] resources remain negligible,<ref name="energy"/> as Russia is among the few countries without strong governmental or public support for a [[Energy transition|renewable energy transition]].<ref name=":5" />