Editing Reduplication (section)

====Tagalog====
[[Philippine languages]] are characterized as having the most productive use of reduplication, especially in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] (the basis of the [[Filipino language]]). Reduplication in Tagalog is complex. It can be roughly divided into six types:<ref name="Lopez">{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Cecilio |title=Reduplication in Tagalog |journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |date=1950 |volume=Deel 106 |issue=2de Afl |pages=151–311 |doi=10.1163/22134379-90002477 |jstor=27859677 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Blake">{{cite journal |last1=Blake |first1=Frank R. |title=Reduplication in Tagalog |journal=The American Journal of Philology |date=1917 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=425–431 |doi=10.2307/288967|jstor=288967 }}</ref><ref name="Wan">{{cite web |last1=Wan |first1=Jin |title=Reduplication in Tagalog verbs |url=https://soologua.files.wordpress.com/2016/03/reduplication-in-tagalog-verbs.pdf |access-date=21 July 2019}}</ref>
#Monosyllabic; e.g. ''olol'' ("mad")
#Reduplication of the final syllable; e.g. ''himaymay'' ("separate meat from bones"), from ''himay'' (same meaning)
#Reduplication of the final syllable of a disyllabic word, where the added syllable is created from the first consonant of the first syllable and the last consonant of the second syllable; e.g. ''kaliskis'' ("[fish] scale"), from ''kalis'' ("to scrape")
#Reduplication of the initial syllable of the root; e.g. ''susulat'' ("will write"), from ''sulat'' ("to write")
#Full reduplication; e.g. ''araw-araw'' ("every day"), from ''araw'' ("day" or "sun")
#Combined partial and full reduplication; e.g. ''babalibaligtad'' ("turning around continually", "tumbling"), from ''baligtad'' ("reverse")

They can further be divided into "non-significant" (where its significance is not apparent) and "significant" reduplication. 1, 2, and 3 are always non-significant; while 5 and 6 are always significant. 4 can be non-significant when used for nouns (e.g. ''lalaki'', "man").<ref name="Lopez"/><ref name="Blake"/><ref name="Wan"/>

Full or partial reduplication among nouns and pronouns can indicate emphasis, intensity, plurality, or causation; as well as a diminutive, superlative, iterative, restrictive, or distributive force.<ref name="Lopez"/><ref name="Blake"/><ref name="Wan"/>

Adjectives and adverbs employ morphological reduplication for many different reasons such as number agreement when the adjective modifies a plural noun, intensification of the adjective or adverb, and sometimes because the prefix forces the adjective to have a reduplicated stem".{{sfn|Domigpe|Nenita|2012}}

Number agreement for adjectives is entirely optional in Tagalog (e.g., a plural noun does not have to have a plural article marking it):{{sfn|Domigpe|Nenita|2012}}
*"Ang magandang puno" "the beautiful tree".
*"Ang ma''ga''gandang puno" "the beautiful tree''s''".

The entire adjective is repeated for intensification of adjectives or adverbs:
*''Maganda''ng maganda ang kabayo "the horse is ''very'' pretty"

In verbs, reduplication of the root, prefix or infix is employed to convey different [[grammatical aspect]]s. In "Mag- verbs" reduplication of the root after the prefix "mag-" or "nag-" changes the verb from the infinitive form, or perfective aspect, respectively, to the contemplated or imperfective aspect.{{sfn|Domigpe|Nenita|2012}} Thus:
*magluto inf/actor trigger-cook "to cook" or "cook!" ([[Imperative mood|imperative]])
*nagluto actor trigger-cook "cooked"
*nagluluto actor trigger-reduplication-cook "cook" (as in "I cook all the time) or "is/was cooking"
*magluluto inf/actor trigger-rdplc-cook (contemplated) "will cook"

For [[ergative verb]]s (frequently referred to as "object focus" verbs) reduplication of part the infix and the stem occur:
*lutuin cook-inf/object trigger-cook "to cook"
*niluto object trigger infix-cook (perf-cook) "cooked"
*niluluto object trigger infix-reduplication-cook "cook"/"is/was cooking"
*lulutuin rdp-cook-object trigger "will cook".{{sfn|Domigpe|Nenita|2012}}

The complete superlative prefix pagka- demands reduplication of the first syllable of the adjective's stem:
*"Ang pagka''ga''gandang puno" "The ''most'' beautiful tree (''and there are none more beautiful anywhere'')"