Editing Reconquista (section)

==Classifications and later consequences==
[[File:Pedro Berruguete Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe 1495.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Dominic]] presiding over an ''[[auto-da-fé]]'', by [[Pedro Berruguete]] (around 1495)<ref name="Prado">[http://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/online-gallery/on-line-gallery/obra/saint-dominic-presides-over-an-auto-da-fe/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202185058/https://www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/online-gallery/on-line-gallery/obra/saint-dominic-presides-over-an-auto-da-fe/|date=2 December 2015}} at [[Museo del Prado|Prado Museum]]</ref>]]
The many advances and retreats created several social types:{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}
* The ''[[Muwallad]]'': native Iberians under Islamic rule who converted to Islam after the arrival of the Muslim Arabs and Berbers.
* The ''[[Mozarab]]s'': Christians in Muslim-held lands. Some of them migrated to the north of the peninsula in times of persecution bringing elements of the styles, food and agricultural practices learned from the Andalusians, while they continued practicing their Christianity with older forms of Catholic worship and their own versions of the [[Latin]] language.
* "[[New Christians]]": Jews converting to Christianity called ''[[conversos]]'', or pejoratively ''[[Marrano]]s''. Jews converted to Christianity voluntarily or through force. Some were [[Crypto-Jews]] who continued practicing [[Judaism]] secretly. All remaining Jews were expelled from Spain as a consequence of the 1492 [[Alhambra Decree]], and from Portugal in 1497. Former Jews were subject to the [[Spanish Inquisition|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Inquisition]]s, established to enforce Christian faith and practice, which often resulted in secret investigations and public punishments of ''conversos'' in [[auto-da-fé|autos-da-fé]] ("acts of faith"), often public executions by burning the victim alive<ref>
The exact number of people executed by the Inquisition is not known. [[Juan Antonio Llorente]] gave the following numbers for the Inquisition: 31,912 burnt, 17,696 [[Effigy|burnt in effigy]], and 291,450 reconciled ''de vehementi'' (i.e., following an act of penance) (Roth 1964:123). [[José Amador de los Ríos]] gave even higher numbers, between the years 1484 and 1525 alone: 28,540 burnt in person, 16,520 burnt in effigy and 303,847 penanced (Roth1964).<br>However, after extensive examinations of archival records, modern scholars provide lower estimates, indicating that fewer than 10,000 were actually executed during the whole history of the Spanish Inquisition (Dedieu, p. 85; Perez, pp. 170–173.), perhaps around 3,000 (Monter, p. 53.).</ref>
* The ''[[Mudéjar]]'': Muslims in Christian-held lands.
* ''[[Morisco]]s'': Muslim ''conversos''. Muslims who converted to Catholicism. A significant number were Crypto-Muslims who continued practicing Islam secretly. They ranged from successful skilled artisans, valued and protected in Aragon, to impoverished peasants in Castile. After the Alhambra Decree the entire Islamic population was forced to convert or leave, and at the beginning of the seventeenth century a significant number were expelled in the [[expulsion of the Moriscos]].