Editing Qing dynasty (section)

===Traditional learning and literature===
Traditional learning flourished, especially among Ming loyalists such as [[Dai Zhen]] and [[Gu Yanwu]], but scholars in the school of [[Kaozheng|evidential learning]] made innovations in skeptical textual scholarship. Scholar-bureaucrats, including [[Lin Zexu]] and [[Wei Yuan]], developed a school of [[He Changling|practical statecraft]] which rooted bureaucratic reform and restructuring in classical philosophy.

[[File:Jade book-IMG 4433 4434 4435 4436-white.jpg|thumb|Jade book of the [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]] period on display at the [[British Museum]]]]
Philosophy<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Qing Philosophy |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/qing-philosophy/ |access-date=2020-01-18 |last=Ng |first=On-cho |date=2019 |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Summer 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616125638/https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/qing-philosophy/ |archive-date=16 June 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chinese literature|literature]] grew to new heights in the Qing period. [[Qing poetry|Poetry]] continued as a mark of the cultivated gentleman, but women wrote in larger numbers and [[:Category:Qing dynasty poets|poets]] came from all walks of life. The poetry of the Qing dynasty is a lively field of research, being studied (along with the [[Ming poetry|poetry of the Ming dynasty]]) for its association with [[Chinese opera]], developmental trends of [[Classical Chinese poetry]], the transition to a greater role for [[Written vernacular Chinese|vernacular language]], and for poetry by [[Women in ancient and imperial China#Qing dynasty|women]]. The Qing dynasty was a period of literary editing and criticism, and many of the modern popular versions of Classical Chinese poems were transmitted through Qing dynasty anthologies, such as the ''[[Complete Tang Poems]]'' and the ''[[Three Hundred Tang Poems]]''. Although fiction did not have the prestige of poetry, novels flourished. [[Pu Songling]] brought the short story to a new level in his ''[[Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio]]'', published in the mid-18th century, and [[Shen Fu]] demonstrated the charm of the informal memoir in ''[[Six Chapters of a Floating Life]]'', written in the early 19th century but published only in 1877. The art of the novel reached a pinnacle in [[Cao Xueqin]]'s ''[[Dream of the Red Chamber]]'', but its combination of social commentary and psychological insight were echoed in highly skilled novels such as [[Wu Jingzi]]'s ''[[The Scholars (novel)|The Scholars]]'' (1750) and [[Li Ruzhen]]'s ''[[Flowers in the Mirror]]'' (1827).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ming and Qing Novels |url=http://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/berkshire_mingdynastysample.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617125545/http://www.berkshirepublishing.com/assets_news/china/berkshire_mingdynastysample.pdf |archive-date=17 June 2013 |access-date=13 September 2012 |website=Berkshire Encyclopedia}}</ref>