Editing Progesterone (section)

==History==
[[George W. Corner]] and [[Willard Myron Allen|Willard M. Allen]] discovered the hormonal action of progesterone in 1929.<ref name="Josimovich2013" /><ref name="Corner-1929">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Corner GW, Allen WM|date=1 March 1929|title=Physiology of the corpus luteum|journal=American Journal of Physiology. Legacy Content|volume=88|issue=2|pages=326–339|url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.88.2.326|doi=10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.88.2.326|issn=0002-9513|url-access=subscription|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812022335/https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/ajplegacy.1929.88.2.326|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CoutinhoSegal1999">{{cite book | vauthors = Coutinho EM, Segal SJ | title = Is Menstruation Obsolete? | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZzmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | year = 1999 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 978-0-19-513021-8 | pages = 31– | access-date = 5 October 2016 | archive-date = 14 January 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024937/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZzmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Walker2008">{{cite book | vauthors = Walker A | title = The Menstrual Cycle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HQBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 |date=7 March 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-71411-7 |pages=49–}}</ref> By 1931–1932, nearly pure crystalline material of high progestational activity had been isolated from the [[corpus luteum]] of animals, and by 1934, pure crystalline progesterone had been refined and obtained and the [[chemical structure]] of progesterone was determined.<ref name="Josimovich2013" /><ref name="CoutinhoSegal1999" /> This was achieved by [[Adolf Butenandt]] at the [[Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology|''Chemisches Institut'']] of [[Gdańsk University of Technology|Technical University]] in [[Danzig]], who extracted this new compound from several thousand liters of [[urine]].<ref name="Piosik-2003">{{Cite journal | vauthors = Piosik R | title = Adolf Butenandt und sein Wirken an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig | doi = 10.1002/ckon.200390038 | journal = CHEMKON | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 135–138 | year = 2003 }}</ref>

[[Chemical synthesis]] of progesterone from [[stigmasterol]] and [[pregnanediol]] was accomplished later that year.<ref name="CoutinhoSegal1999"/><ref name="Ginsburg2012">{{cite book|vauthors=Ginsburg B|title=Premenstrual Syndrome: Ethical and Legal Implications in a Biomedical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HTLoBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-5275-4|pages=274–|access-date=5 October 2016|archive-date=14 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114025025/https://books.google.com/books?id=HTLoBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA274|url-status=live}}</ref> Up to this point, progesterone, known generically as corpus luteum hormone, had been being referred to by several groups by different names, including corporin, lutein, luteosterone, and progestin.<ref name="Josimovich2013" /><ref name="Rolleston1936">{{cite book |vauthors=Rolleston HD |title=The Endocrine Organs in Health and Disease: With an Historical Review |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tkgbAAAAIAAJ |year=1936 |publisher=Oxford University Press, H. Milford |page=406 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114024937/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkgbAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1935, at the time of the Second International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in [[London, England]], a compromise was made between the groups and the name progesterone (progestational steroidal ketone) was created.<ref name="Josimovich2013" /><ref name="pmid4922128">{{cite journal | vauthors = Allen WM | title = Progesterone: how did the name originate? | journal = Southern Medical Journal | volume = 63 | issue = 10 | pages = 1151–1155 | date = October 1970 | pmid = 4922128 | doi = 10.1097/00007611-197010000-00012 | s2cid = 35867375 }}</ref>

===Veterinary use===
The use of progesterone tests in dog breeding to pinpoint ovulation is becoming more widely used.  There are several tests available but the most reliable test is a blood test with blood drawn by a veterinarian and sent to a lab for processing.  Results can usually be obtained with 24 to 72 hours.  The rationale for using progesterone tests is that increased numbers begin in close proximity to preovulatory surge in gonadotrophins and continue through ovulation and estrus.  When progesterone levels reach certain levels they can signal the stage of estrus the female is.  Prediction of birth date of the pending litter can be very accurate if ovulation date is known.  Puppies deliver with a day or two of 9 weeks gestation in most cases.  It is not possible to determine pregnancy using progesterone tests once a breeding has taken place, however.  This is due to the fact that, in dogs, progesterone levels remain elevated throughout the estrus period.<ref name="Refsal-2009">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Refsal K|date=February 2009|title=Interpretation of Serum Progesterone Results for Management of Breeding in Dogs|url=https://www.dcpah.msu.edu/sections/endocrinology/Progesterone_Guidelines.pdf|journal=Webcd.endo.ref|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829011032/https://cvm.msu.edu/vdl|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Pricing ===
Pricing for progesterone can vary depending location, insurance coverage, discount coupons, quantity, shortages, manufacturers, brand or generic versions, different pharmacies, and so on. As of currently, 30 capsules of 100&nbsp;mg of the generic version, Progesterone, from CVS Pharmacy is around $40 without any discounts or insurance applied. The brand version, Prometrium, is around $450 for 30 capsules without any discounts or insurance applied.<ref name="www.goodrx.com-prices">{{cite web |title=Progesterone Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips - GoodRx |url=https://www.goodrx.com/progesterone |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=www.goodrx.com |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330054318/https://www.goodrx.com/progesterone |url-status=live }}</ref> In comparison, Walgreens offers 30 capsules of 100&nbsp;mg in the generic version for $51 without insurance or coupons applied. The brand name costs around $431 for 30 capsules of 100&nbsp;mg.<ref name="www.goodrx.com-prices-2">{{Cite web |title=Progesterone Prices, Coupons & Savings Tips - GoodRx |url=https://www.goodrx.com/progesterone |access-date=1 August 2023 |website=www.goodrx.com |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330054318/https://www.goodrx.com/progesterone |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Clear}}