Editing Ozone (section)

===Impact on plant growth and crop yields===
Ozone has been implicated to have an adverse effect on plant growth: "... ozone reduced total chlorophylls, carotenoid and carbohydrate concentration, and increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content and ethylene production. In treated plants, the ascorbate leaf pool was decreased, while lipid peroxidation and solute leakage were significantly higher than in ozone-free controls. The data indicated that ozone triggered protective mechanisms against oxidative stress in citrus."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Iglesias |first=Domingo J. |author2=Ángeles Calatayuda |author3=Eva Barrenob |author4=Eduardo Primo-Milloa |author5=Manuel Talon |title=Responses of citrus plants to ozone: leaf biochemistry, antioxidant mechanisms and lipid peroxidation |journal=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry |volume=44 |issue=2–3 |pages=125–131 |year=2006 |bibcode=2006PlPB...44..125I |pmid=16644230 |doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2006.03.007}}</ref> Studies that have used pepper plants as a model have shown that ozone decreased fruit yield and changed fruit quality.<ref name="Bortolin-2014">{{cite journal |last1=Bortolin |first1=Rafael Calixto |last2=Caregnato |first2=Fernanda Freitas |last3=Divan |first3=Armando Molina |last4=Reginatto |first4=Flávio Henrique |last5=Gelain |first5=Daniel Pens |last6=Moreira |first6=José Cláudio Fonseca |title=Effects of chronic elevated ozone concentration on the redox state and fruit yield of red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum |date=2014-02-01 |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=100 |pages=114–121 |bibcode=2014EcoES.100..114B |issn=0147-6513 |pmid=24238720 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.035}}</ref><ref name="Bortolin-2016">{{cite journal |last1=Bortolin |first1=Rafael Calixto |last2=Caregnato |first2=Fernanda Freitas |last3=Divan Junior |first3=Armando Molina |last4=Zanotto-Filho |first4=Alfeu |last5=Moresco |first5=Karla Suzana |last6=de Oliveira Rios |first6=Alessandro |last7=de Oliveira Salvi |first7=Aguisson |last8=Ortmann |first8=Caroline Flach |last9=de Carvalho |first9=Pâmela |title=Chronic ozone exposure alters the secondary metabolite profile, antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory property, and quality of red pepper fruit from Capsicum baccatum |date=2016-07-01 |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=129 |pages=16–24 |bibcode=2016EcoES.129...16B |issn=0147-6513 |pmid=26970882 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.004}}</ref> Furthermore, it was also observed a decrease in chlorophylls levels and antioxidant defences on the leaves, as well as increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and lipid and protein damages.<ref name="Bortolin-2014"/><ref name="Bortolin-2016"/>

A 2022 study concludes that East Asia loses 63&nbsp;billion dollars in crops per year due to ozone pollution, a byproduct of fossil fuel combustion. China loses about one-third of its potential wheat production and one-fourth of its rice production.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dickie |first=Gloria |author-link=Gloria Dickie |title=Ozone harms East Asian crops, costing $63 bln a year, scientists say |date=2022-01-17 |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/ozone-harms-east-asian-crops-costing-63-bln-year-scientists-say-2022-01-17/ |access-date=2022-01-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Air pollution takes a bite out of Asia's grain crops |date=2022-01-21 |journal=Nature |volume=601 |issue=7894 |page=487 |language=en |bibcode=2022Natur.601R.487. |pmid=35064229 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-00117-3 |s2cid=246165555 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00117-3}}</ref>