Editing Old Norse (section)

=== Relationship to English ===
{{See also|History of English#Scandinavian influence|List of English words of Old Norse origin}}

[[Old English]] and Old Norse were related languages. It is therefore not surprising that many words in Old Norse look familiar to English speakers; e.g., {{lang|non|armr}} (arm), {{lang|non|fótr}} (foot), {{lang|non|land}} (land), {{lang|non|fullr}} (full), {{lang|non|hanga}} (to hang), {{lang|non|standa}} (to stand). This is because both [[English language|English]] and Old Norse stem from a [[Proto-Germanic]] mother language. In addition, numerous common, everyday Old Norse words were adopted into the Old English language during the [[Viking Age]]. A few examples of Old Norse [[loanword]]s in modern English are (English/Viking Age Old East Norse), in some cases even displacing their Old English cognates:{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
* '''Nouns''' – ''anger'' ({{lang|non|angr}}), ''bag'' ({{lang|non|baggi}}), ''bait'' ({{lang|non|bæit}}, {{lang|non|bæita}}, {{lang|non|bæiti}}), ''band'' ({{lang|non|band}}), ''bark'' ({{lang|non|bǫrkʀ}}, stem {{lang|non|bark-}}), ''birth'' ({{lang|non|byrðr}}), ''dirt'' ({{lang|non|drit}}), ''dregs'' ({{lang|non|dræggiaʀ}}), ''egg'' ({{lang|non|ægg}}, related to OE. cognate {{lang|ang|æg}} which became Middle English {{lang|enm|eye}}/{{lang|enm|eai}}), ''fellow'' ({{lang|non|félagi}}), ''gap'' ({{lang|non|gap}}), ''husband'' ({{lang|non|húsbóndi}}), ''cake'' ({{lang|non|kaka}}), ''keel'' ({{lang|non|kiǫlʀ}}, stem also {{lang|non|kial-}}, {{lang|non|kil-}}), ''kid'' ({{lang|non|kið}}), ''knife'' ({{lang|non|knífʀ}}), ''law'' ({{lang|non|lǫg}}, stem {{lang|non|lag-}}), ''leg'' ({{lang|non|læggʀ}}), ''link'' ({{lang|non|hlænkʀ}}), ''loan'' ({{lang|non|lán}}, related to OE. cognate {{lang|ang|læn}}, cf. lend), ''race'' ({{lang|non|rǫs}}, stem {{lang|non|rás-}}), ''root'' ({{lang|non|rót}}, related to OE. cognate {{lang|ang|wyrt}}, cf. [[List of wort plants|wort]]), ''sale'' ({{lang|non|sala}}), ''scrap'' ({{lang|non|skrap}}), ''seat'' ({{lang|non|sæti}}), ''sister'' ({{lang|non|systir}}, related to OE. cognate {{lang|ang|sweostor}}), ''skill'' ({{lang|non|skial}}/{{lang|non|skil}}), ''skin'' ({{lang|non|skinn}}), ''skirt'' ({{lang|non|skyrta}} vs. the native English ''shirt'' of the same root), ''sky'' ({{lang|non|ský}}), ''slaughter'' ({{lang|non|slátr}}), ''snare'' ({{lang|non|snara}}), ''steak'' ({{lang|non|stæik}}), ''thrift'' ({{lang|non|þrift}}), ''tidings'' ({{lang|non|tíðindi}}), ''trust'' ({{lang|non|traust}}), ''window'' ({{lang|non|vindauga}}), ''wing'' ({{lang|non|væ(i)ngʀ}})
* '''Verbs''' – ''are'' ({{lang|non|er}}, displacing OE {{lang|ang|sind}}), ''blend'' ({{lang|non|blanda}}), ''call'' ({{lang|non|kalla}}), ''cast'' ({{lang|non|kasta}}), ''clip'' ({{lang|non|klippa}}), ''crawl'' ({{lang|non|krafla}}), ''cut'' (possibly from ON {{lang|non|kuta}}), ''die'' ({{lang|non|døyia}}), ''gasp'' ({{lang|non|gæispa}}), ''get'' ({{lang|non|geta}}), ''give'' ({{lang|non|gifa}}/{{lang|non|gefa}}, related to OE. cognate {{lang|ang|giefan}}), ''glitter'' ({{lang|non|glitra}}), ''hit'' ({{lang|non|hitta}}), ''lift'' ({{lang|non|lyfta}}), ''raise'' ({{lang|non|ræisa}}), ''ransack'' ({{lang|non|rannsaka}}), ''rid'' ({{lang|non|ryðia}}), ''run'' ({{lang|non|rinna}}, stem {{lang|non|rinn-/rann-/runn-}}, related to OE. cognate {{lang|ang|rinnan}}), ''scare'' ({{lang|non|skirra}}), ''scrape'' ({{lang|non|skrapa}}), ''seem'' ({{lang|non|søma}}), ''sprint'' ({{lang|non|sprinta}}), ''take'' ({{lang|non|taka}}), ''thrive'' ({{lang|non|þrífa(s)}}), ''thrust'' ({{lang|non|þrysta}}), ''want'' ({{lang|non|vanta}})
* '''Adjectives''' – ''flat'' ({{lang|non|flatr}}), ''happy'' ({{lang|non|happ}}), ''ill'' ({{lang|non|illr}}), ''likely'' ({{lang|non|líklígʀ}}), ''loose'' ({{lang|non|lauss}}), ''low'' ({{lang|non|lágʀ}}), ''meek'' ({{lang|non|miúkʀ}}), ''odd'' ({{lang|non|odda}}), ''rotten'' ({{lang|non|rotinn}}/{{lang|non|rutinn}}), ''scant'' ({{lang|non|skamt}}), ''sly'' ({{lang|non|sløgʀ}}), ''weak'' ({{lang|non|væikʀ}}), ''wrong'' ({{lang|non|vrangʀ}})
* '''Adverbs''' – ''thwart/athwart'' ({{lang|non|þvert}})
* '''Prepositions''' – ''till'' ({{lang|non|til}}), ''fro'' ({{lang|non|frá}})
* '''Conjunction''' – though/tho ({{lang|non|þó}})
* '''Interjection''' – ''hail'' ({{lang|non|hæill}}), ''wassail'' ({{lang|non|ves hæill}})
* '''Personal pronoun''' – ''they'' ({{lang|non|þæiʀ}}), ''their'' ({{lang|non|þæiʀa}}), ''them'' ({{lang|non|þæim}}) (for which the Anglo-Saxons said {{lang|ang|híe}},{{sfn|O'Donoghue|2004|pp=190–201}}{{sfn|Lass|1993|pp=187–188}} {{lang|ang|hiera}}, {{lang|ang|him}})
* '''Prenominal adjectives''' – ''same'' ({{lang|non|sam}})

In a simple sentence like "They are both weak", the extent of the Old Norse loanwords becomes quite clear (Old East Norse with archaic pronunciation: {{lang|non|Þæiʀ eʀu báðiʀ wæikiʀ}} while Old English {{lang|ang|híe syndon bégen (þá) wáce}}). The words "they" and "weak" are both borrowed from Old Norse, and the word "both" might also be a borrowing, though this is disputed (cf. German {{lang|de|beide}}).{{who|date=December 2010}} While the number of loanwords adopted from the Norse was not as numerous as that of [[Norman French]] or [[Latin]], their depth and everyday nature make them a substantial and very important part of everyday English speech as they are part of the very core of the modern English vocabulary.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Tracing the origins of words like "bull" and "Thursday" is more difficult.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} "Bull" may derive from either Old English {{lang|ang|bula}} or Old Norse {{lang|non|buli}},{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} while "Thursday" may be a borrowing or simply derive from the Old English {{lang|ang|Þunresdæg}}, which could have been influenced by the Old Norse cognate.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} The word "are" is from Old English {{lang|ang|earun}}/{{lang|ang|aron}}, which stems back to Proto-Germanic as well as the Old Norse cognates.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}