Editing Naples (section)

=== Literature and philosophy ===
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[[File:Giordano Bruno2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Giordano Bruno]]|alt=|262x262px]]

Naples is one of the leading centres of [[Italian literature]]. The history of the Neapolitan language was deeply entwined with that of the [[Tuscan dialect]], which then became the current Italian language. The first written testimonies of the Italian language are the [[Placiti Cassinensi]] legal documents, dated 960 A.D., preserved in the [[Monte Cassino]] Abbey, which are, in fact, evidence of a language spoken in a southern dialect. The Tuscan poet [[Boccaccio]] lived for many years at the court of King [[Robert the Wise]] and his successor [[Joanna I of Naples|Joanna of Naples]], using Naples as a setting for a number of his later novels. His works contain some words that are taken from Neapolitan instead of the corresponding Italian, e.g. "''testo''" (neap.: "''testa''"), which in Naples indicates a large [[terracotta]] jar used to cultivate shrubs and little trees. King [[Alfonso V of Aragon]] stated in 1442 that the Neapolitan language was to be used instead of [[Latin]] in official documents.

[[File:GiambattistaVicoStatueNaples.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Giambattista Vico]]|alt=|244x244px]]
Later Neapolitan was replaced by Italian in the first half of the 16th century,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_(Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano) |title=storia della lingua in "Enciclopedia dell'Italiano" |website=www.treccani.it |access-date=4 March 2023 |archive-date=4 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304203833/https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/storia-della-lingua_%28Enciclopedia-dell%27Italiano%29 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maas.ccr.it/PDF/Napoli.pdf |title=Documentazioni saggistiche e di raccolta espositiva dall'Archivio di Stato di Napoli |access-date=25 May 2021 |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114054441/http://www.maas.ccr.it/PDF/Napoli.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> during Spanish domination. In 1458 the ''[[Accademia Pontaniana]]'', one of the first academies in Italy, was established in Naples as a free initiative by men of letters, science and literature. In 1480 the writer and poet [[Jacopo Sannazzaro]] wrote the first pastoral romance, ''Arcadia'', which influenced Italian literature. In 1634 [[Giambattista Basile]] collected ''[[Pentamerone|Lo Cunto de li Cunti]]'' five books of ancient tales written in the Neapolitan dialect rather than Italian. Philosopher [[Giordano Bruno]], who theorised the existence of infinite solar systems and the infinity of the entire universe, completed his studies at the University of Naples. Due to philosophers such as [[Giambattista Vico]], Naples became one of the centres of the Italian peninsula for historical and [[philosophy of history]] studies.

[[Jurisprudence]] studies were enhanced in Naples thanks to eminent personalities of jurists like [[Bernardo Tanucci]], [[Gaetano Filangieri]] and [[Antonio Genovesi]]. In the 18th century Naples, together with [[Milan]], became one of the most important sites from which the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] penetrated Italy. Poet and philosopher [[Giacomo Leopardi]] visited the city in 1837 and died there. His works influenced [[Francesco de Sanctis]], who studied in Naples and eventually became Minister of Instruction during the Italian kingdom. De Sanctis was one of the first literary critics to discover, study and diffuse the poems and literary works of the great poet from [[Recanati]].

Writer and journalist [[Matilde Serao]] co-founded the newspaper [[Il Mattino]] with her husband [[Edoardo Scarfoglio]] in 1892. Serao was an acclaimed novelist and writer during her day. Poet [[Salvatore Di Giacomo]] was one of the most famous writers in the Neapolitan dialect, and many of his poems were adapted to music, becoming famous Neapolitan songs. In the 20th century, philosophers like [[Benedetto Croce]] pursued the long tradition of philosophy studies in Naples, and personalities like jurists and lawyer [[Enrico De Nicola]] pursued legal and constitutional studies. De Nicola later helped to draft the modern [[Constitution of the Italian Republic]] and was eventually elected to the office of President of the Italian Republic. Other noted Neapolitan writers and journalists include [[Antonio De Curtis]], [[Giancarlo Siani]], [[Roberto Saviano]] and [[Elena Ferrante]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6370/elena-ferrante-art-of-fiction-no-228-elena-ferrante |title=Elena Ferrante, Art of Fiction No. 228 |last=Ferri |first=Interviewed by Sandro and Sandra |journal=The Paris Review. Interviews. |date=2015 |access-date=14 December 2019 |issue=212 |volume=Spring 2015 |language=en |issn=0031-2037 |archive-date=18 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518105617/https://theparisreview.org/interviews/6370/elena-ferrante-art-of-fiction-no-228-elena-ferrante |url-status=live }}</ref> In Naples'44, An Intelligence Officer in the Italian Labyrinth (London, Eland, 2002), the acclaimed British travel writer Norman Lewis records the lives of the Napolitean people following the liberation of the city from Nazi forces in 1943.