Editing Majapahit (section)

==Legacy==
{{History of Malaysia}}
[[File:DenpasarPuraMaospahit.JPG|thumb|right|''Pura Maospahit'' ("Majapahit Temple") in [[Denpasar]], Bali, demonstrate the typical Majapahit red brick architecture.]]

Majapahit was the largest empire ever to form in Southeast Asia.<ref name=miksic />{{rp|page=107}} Although its political power beyond the core area in east Java was diffuse, constituting mainly ceremonial recognition of suzerainty, Majapahit society developed a high degree of sophistication in both commercial and artistic activities. Its capital was inhabited by a cosmopolitan population among whom literature and art flourished.<ref name=miksic />{{rp|page=107}}

Numbers of local legends and [[folklore]]s in the region had mentioned about the Majapahit kingdom. Other than Javanese sources, some regional legends mentioning Majapahit kingdom or its general Gajah Mada also can be found; from Aceh, Minangkabau, Palembang, the Malay Peninsula, Sunda, Brunei, Bali to Sumbawa. Most of them mentioned about the incoming Javanese forces to their land, which was probably a local testament of the empire's expansive nature that once dominating the archipelago. The [[Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai|Hikayat Raja Pasai]], a 14th-century [[Aceh]] chronicle tell a Majapahit naval invasion against [[Samudra Pasai]] in 1350. The chronicle described that the Majapahit invasion was a punishment for Sultan Ahmad Malik Az-Zahir's crime on ruining a royal marriage between Pasai Prince Tun Abdul Jalil and Raden Galuh Gemerencang, a Majapahit princess{{snd}}that led to the death of the royal couple.<ref name="Tirto-Pasai"/> 
[[File:Masjid Menara Kudus.jpg|thumb|left|The Majapahit style minaret of Kudus Mosque]]
In West Sumatra, the [[Minangkabau (legend)|legend of Minangkabau]] mentioned an invading foreign prince{{snd}}associated with Javanese Majapahit kingdom{{snd}}being defeated in a buffalo fight.<ref name="Sindo-Minangkabau">{{cite news |date=11 March 2017 |title=Invasi Majapahit ke Pagaruyung dan Pertarungan Dua Kerbau |language=id |work=Sindo News |url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/1187263/29/invasi-majapahit-ke-pagaruyung-dan-pertarungan-dua-kerbau-1489158517}}</ref> In [[West Java]], the [[Battle of Bubat|Pasunda Bubat]] tragedy caused a myth to revolve around Indonesians, which forbids marriage between a [[Sundanese people|Sundanese]] and a [[Javanese people|Javanese]], as it would be unsustainable and only bring misery to the couple.<ref>{{cite news | title = Tragedi Perang Bubat dan mitos orang Jawa dilarang kawin dengan Sunda | date = 24 April 2015 | author = Hery H Winarno | url = https://www.merdeka.com/peristiwa/tragedi-perang-bubat-mitos-orang-jawa-dilarang-kawin-dengan-sunda.html | language = id}}</ref> In Malay Peninsula, the [[Malay Annals]] mentioned the legend of the fall of [[Kingdom of Singapura|Singapura]] to Majapahit forces in 1398 was due to the betrayal of Sang Rajuna Tapa that opened the fortified city gate.<ref>{{harvnb|Ahmad|1979|pp=69–70}}</ref> In [[Brunei]], the folk legend of Lumut Lunting and Pilong-Pilongan islands in [[Brunei Bay]] also connected to Majapahit.<ref>{{cite web | title = Two Brunei Bay Legends, Tales about Lumut Lunting and Pilong-Pilongan | author = Rozan Yunos | work = Brunei Sources | url = http://www.bruneiresources.com/goldenlegacy/tgl_brunei_bay_legends.html}}</ref>

Several Javanese legends were originated or become popular during the Majapahit period. The [[Panji (prince)|Panji cycles]], the tale of [[Sri Tanjung]], and the epic of [[Damarwulan]], are popular tales in Javanese and [[Balinese literature]]s. The tales of Panji was dated from the older period during Kediri kingdom, while the tale of Sri Tanjung and the epic of Damarwulan took place during the Majapahit period. These tales remained a popular theme in Javanese culture of later period during Mataram Sultanate, and often became the source of inspiration for [[wayang]] shadow puppet performance, [[ketoprak]] and [[topeng]] dance drama. The Panji tales, in particular, have spread from East Java to become a source of inspiration for literature and dance drama throughout the region, as far as the Malay Peninsula, Cambodia and Siam where he is known as Raden Inao or Enau ({{langx|th|อิเหนา}}) of Kurepan.{{Sfn|Holt|1967|p=274}}

Majapahit had a momentous and lasting influence on [[Indonesian art]] and [[Indonesian architecture|architecture]]. The empire's expansion circa 14th-century contributed to the diffusion Javanese cultural influence throughout the archipelago, which can be seen as a form of [[Javanisation]]. It was probably during this period that some of the Javanese cultural elements, such as [[gamelan]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-gamelan-195131|title=Learn the History Behind Gamelan, Indonesian Music and Dance|work=ThoughtCo|access-date=13 November 2018}}</ref> and kris, being expanded and introduced to islands outside of Java. The descriptions of the architecture of the capital's pavilions (''[[pendopo]]'') in the ''Nagarakretagama'' evoke the Javanese [[Kraton (Indonesia)|Kraton]] also the [[Pura (Balinese temple)|Balinese temples]] and palace compounds of today. The Majapahit architectural style that often employs [[Majapahit Terracotta|terracotta]] and [[red brick]] heavily influenced the architecture of Java and Bali in the later period. The Majapahit style ''[[candi bentar]]'' split gate, the ''kori'' or ''[[paduraksa]]'' towering red-brick gate, and also ''pendopo'' pavilion have become ubiquitous in Javanese and Balinese architectural features, as seen in [[Menara Kudus Mosque]], [[Keraton Kasepuhan]] and Sunyaragi park in [[Cirebon]], [[Mataram Sultanate]] royal cemetery in [[Kota Gede]], [[Yogyakarta]], and various palaces and temples in Bali.<ref name="Made Wijaya"/>

[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bas-reliëfs op het Pendopo Terras Panataran tempelcomplex TMnr 20027152.jpg|thumb|right|Bas relief from [[Candi Penataran]] describes the Javanese-style [[pendopo]] pavilion, commonly found across Java and Bali.]]

The vivid, rich and festive [[Balinese people#Culture|Balinese culture]] is considered one of Majapahit's legacy. The Javanese Hindu civilisation since the era of [[Airlangga]] to the era of Majapahit kings has profoundly influenced and shaped the Balinese culture and [[History of Bali|history]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bali/history |title=Lonely Planet: History of Bali |access-date=14 October 2011 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511082247/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/indonesia/bali/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ancient links and Majapahit legacy is observable in many ways; architecture, literature, religious rituals, dance-drama and artforms. The aesthetics and style of bas-reliefs in Majapahit East Javanese temples were preserved and copied in Balinese temples. It is also because, after the fall of the empire, many Majapahit nobles, artisans and priests had taken refuge either in the interior mountainous region of East Java or across the narrow strait to Bali. Indeed, in some ways, the [[Bali Kingdom|Kingdom of Bali]] was the successor of Majapahit. Large numbers of Majapahit manuscripts, such as [[Nagarakretagama]], [[Kakawin Sutasoma|Sutasoma]], [[Pararaton]] and [[Tantu Pagelaran]], were being well-kept in royal libraries of Bali and Lombok and provides the glimpse and valuable historical records on Majapahit. The Majapahit Hindu-Javanese culture has shaped the culture of Bali, that led to popular expression; "without Java, there is no Bali". Yet in return, Bali is credited as the last stronghold to safeguard and preserve the ancient Hindu Javanese civilisation.

[[File:WLANL - mchangsp - Kris van Knaud.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Kris of Knaud]], one of the oldest surviving kris, is dated to Majapahit period.]]

In weaponry, the Majapahit expansion is believed to be responsible for the widespread use of the [[Kris|keris]] dagger in Southeast Asia; from Java, Bali, Sumatra, Malaysia, Brunei to Southern Thailand. Although it has been suggested that the keris, and native daggers similar to it, predate Majapahit, nevertheless the empire expansion contributed to its popularity and diffusion in the region around the year 1492.<ref name="JPostKris">{{cite news|title=Kris, more than just a simple dagger |author=Tantri Yuliandini |date=18 April 2002 |newspaper=The Jakarta Post |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/04/18/kris-more-just-a-simple-dagger.html |access-date=30 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729203644/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2002/04/18/kris-more-just-a-simple-dagger.html |archive-date=29 July 2014 }}</ref> For example, [[Kris of Knaud]], one of the oldest surviving kris is dated to 1264 Saka (which correspondents to 1342). The Malay legend of Kris [[Taming Sari]] is also attributed to Majapahit origin.

For Indonesians in later centuries, Majapahit became a symbol of past greatness. The Islamic sultanates of [[Demak Sultanate|Demak]], [[Pajang]], and [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] sought to establish their legitimacy to the Majapahit.<ref name=ricklefs />{{rp|page=40}} The Demak claimed a line of succession through Kertabumi, as its founder [[Raden Patah]], in court chronicles was said to be the son of Kertabumi with Putri Cina, a Chinese princess, who had been sent away before her son was born.<ref name=ricklefs/>{{rp|pages=36–37}} [[Sultan Agung]]'s conquest of [[Wirasaba]] (present-day Mojoagung) in 1615{{snd}}during that time just a small town without significant strategic and economic value{{snd}}led by the sultan himself, may probably have had such symbolic importance as it was the location of the former Majapahit capital.<ref name=ricklefs />{{rp|page=43}} Central Javanese palaces have traditions and [[genealogy]] that attempt to prove links back to the Majapahit royal lines{{snd}}usually in the form of a grave as a vital ''link'' in Java – where legitimacy is enhanced by such a connection.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}} Bali, in particular, was heavily influenced by Majapahit and the [[Balinese people|Balinese]] consider themselves to be the true heirs of the kingdom.<ref name="Schoppert1997"/>

[[File:Relief of Indonesian History, Monas.JPG|thumb|right|The high reliefs of Gajah Mada and Majapahit history depicted in [[National Monument (Indonesia)|Monas]] has become the source of Indonesian national pride of past greatness.]]

Modern Indonesian nationalists, including those of the early 20th-century [[Indonesian National Revival#National Revival|Indonesian National Revival]], have invoked the Majapahit Empire.<ref name ="M Wood"/> Indonesian founding fathers—especially [[Sukarno]] and [[Mohammad Yamin]], built a historical construct around Majapahit to argue for the ancient unified realm, as a predecessor of modern Indonesia.<ref name="NG-Majapahit">{{cite news |author=Mahandis Y. Thamrin |date=11 October 2013 |title=Nusantara Bukanlah Wilayah Majapahit? |language=id |work=National Geographic Indonesia |url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/10/faktanya-nusantara-bukanlah-wilayah-majapahit |access-date=6 October 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303050423/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2013/10/faktanya-nusantara-bukanlah-wilayah-majapahit |url-status=dead }}</ref> The memory of its greatness remains in Indonesia and is sometimes seen as a precedent for the current political boundaries of the Republic.<ref name=ricklefs />{{rp|page=19}} Many of modern Indonesian national symbols derived from Majapahit Hindu-Buddhist elements. The Indonesian national motto, "''[[Bhinneka Tunggal Ika]]''", is a quotation from an [[Old Javanese]] poem "''Kakawin Sutasoma''", written by a Majapahit poet, Mpu Tantular.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1256649489/bhinekatunggalikakaryagemilangmputantular |title=Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, masterpiece of Mpu Tantular, Antara (in Indonesian) |access-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008024249/http://www.antaranews.com/berita/1256649489/bhinekatunggalikakaryagemilangmputantular |archive-date=8 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Indonesian coat of arms, ''[[Coat of arms of Indonesia|Garuda Pancasila]]'', also derives from [[Hinduism in Indonesia|Javanese Hindu elements]]. The statue and relief of [[Garuda]] have been found in many temples in Java such as [[Prambanan]] from the ancient [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]] era, and the [[Penataran Temple|Panataran]] as well as the [[Candi Sukuh|Sukuh]] temple dated from the Majapahit era. The notable statue of Garuda is the statue of the king [[Airlangga]] depicted as [[Vishnu]] riding [[Garuda]].

In its propaganda from the 1920s, the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] presented its vision of a classless society as a reincarnation of a romanticised Majapahit.<ref name=ricklefs />{{rp|page=174}} It was invoked by Sukarno for nation building and by the [[Orde Baru|New Order]] as an expression of state expansion and consolidation.<ref>{{cite book | last = Friend | first = Theodore | title = Indonesian Destinies | year = 2003 | publisher = Belknap Press, [[Harvard University Press]] | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts and London | pages = [https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/19 19] | isbn = 0-674-01137-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/indonesiandestin00theo/page/19 }}</ref> Like Majapahit, the modern state of Indonesia covers vast territory and is politically centred on Java.
[[File:Patih Gajah Mada.jpg|thumb|upright|Gajah Mada statue in front of Telecommunication Museum in [[Taman Mini Indonesia Indah]], Jakarta. [[Palapa]], Indonesia's first telecommunication satellite launched on 9 July 1976 was named after [[Palapa oath]].]]
[[Palapa]], the series of communication satellites owned by [[Telkom Indonesia]], an Indonesian telecommunication company, was named after ''Sumpah Palapa'', the famous oath taken by [[Gajah Mada]], who swore that he would not taste any spice as long as he had not succeeded in unifying Nusantara (Indonesian archipelago). This ancient oath of unification signifies the Palapa satellite as the modern means to unify the Indonesian archipelago by way of [[telecommunication]]. The name was chosen by the president [[Suharto]], and the program was started in February 1975.

Pura Kawitan Majapahit was built in 1995 as a homage to honour the empire that inspires the nation. Majapahit is often regarded as the antecedent of the modern state of Indonesia. This Hindu temple complex is located within Trowulan just north of Segaran pool.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/02/13/pura-kawitan-majapahit-tribute-to-an-empire-that-inspires-a-nation.html|title=Pura Kawitan Majapahit: Tribute to an empire that inspires a nation|last=Preuss|first=Shane|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref>

During the last half-year of 2008, the Indonesian government sponsored a massive exploration on the site that is believed to be the place where the palace of Majapahit once stood. [[Jero Wacik]], the Indonesian Minister of Culture and Tourism stated that the [[Trowulan#The Majapahit Park|Majapahit Park]] would be built on the site and completed as early as 2009, to prevent further damage caused by home-made brick industries that developed in the surrounding area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Taman Majapahit Dibangun di Trowulan |date=4 November 2008 |url=http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/04/20305699/taman.majapahit.dibangun.di.trowulan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107163612/http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/11/04/20305699/Taman.Majapahit.Dibangun.di.Trowulan |archive-date=7 November 2008 }}</ref> Nevertheless, the project leaves a huge attention to some historians, since constructing the park's foundation in Segaran site located in south side of [[Trowulan Museum]] will inevitably damage the site itself. Ancient bricks which are historically valuable were found scattered on the site. The government then argued that the method they were applying were less destructive since digging method were used instead of drilling.<ref>{{cite web|title=Situs Majapahit Dirusak Pemerintah |date=5 January 2009 |url=http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2009/01/05/05100324/situs.majapahit.dirusak.pemerintah |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112012614/http://www.kompas.com/read/xml/2009/01/05/05100324/situs.majapahit.dirusak.pemerintah |archive-date=12 January 2009 }}</ref>