Editing Kidney stone disease (section)

== Epidemiology ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
! Country
! Earliest prevalence (years)<ref name=RevUrol2010 />
! Latest prevalence (years)<ref name=RevUrol2010 />
|-
| United States
| 2.6% (1964–1972)
| 5.2% (1988–1994)
|-
| Italy
| 1.2% (1983)
| 1.7% (1993–1994)
|-
| Scotland
| 3.8% (1977)
| 3.5% (1987)
|-
| Spain
| 0.1% (1977)
| 10.0% (1991)
|-
| Turkey
| n/a
| 14.8% (1989)
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left:15px; text-align:center"
! Country
! New cases per 100,000 (year)<ref name=RevUrol2010 />
! Trend
|-
| United States
| 116 (2000)
| decreasing
|-
| Germany
| 720 (2000)
| increasing
|-
| Japan
| 114.3 (2005)
| increasing
|-
| Spain
| 270 (1984)
| decreasing
|-
| Sweden
| 200 (1969)
| increasing
|-
|}
[[File:Urolithiasis world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Urolithiasis deaths per million persons in 2012 {{Div col|small=yes|colwidth=10em}}{{legend|#ffff20|0–0}}{{legend|#ffa020|1–1}}{{legend|#f08015|2–2}}{{legend|#d85010|3–3}}{{legend|#d02010|4–20}}{{div col end}}]]
Kidney stones affect all geographical, cultural, and racial groups. The [[Cumulative incidence|lifetime risk]] is about 10-15% in the developed world, but can be as high as 20-25% in the [[Middle East]]. The increased risk of dehydration in hot climates, coupled with a diet 50% lower in calcium and 250% higher in oxalates compared to Western diets, accounts for the higher net risk in the Middle East.<ref name=Potts2004 /> In the Middle East, uric acid stones are more common than calcium-containing stones.<ref name=Reilly2005Ch13 /> The number of deaths due to kidney stones is estimated at 19,000 per year being fairly consistent between 1990 and 2010.<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal |vauthors= Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, Alvarado M, Anderson HR, Anderson LM, Andrews KG, Atkinson C, Baddour LM, Barker-Collo S, Bartels DH, Bell ML, Benjamin EJ, Bennett D, Bhalla K, Bikbov B, Bin Abdulhak A, Birbeck G, Blyth F, Bolliger I, Boufous S, Bucello C, Burch M, Burney P, Carapetis J, Chen H, Chou D, Chugh SS, Coffeng LE, Colan SD, Colquhoun S, Colson KE, Condon J, Connor MD, Cooper LT, Corriere M, Cortinovis M, de Vaccaro KC, Couser W, Cowie BC, Criqui MH, Cross M, Dabhadkar KC, Dahodwala N, De Leo D, Degenhardt L, Delossantos A, Denenberg J, Des Jarlais DC, Dharmaratne SD, Dorsey ER, Driscoll T, Duber H, Ebel B, Erwin PJ, Espindola P, Ezzati M, Feigin V, Flaxman AD, Forouzanfar MH, Fowkes FG, Franklin R, Fransen M, Freeman MK, Gabriel SE, Gakidou E, Gaspari F, Gillum RF, Gonzalez-Medina D, Halasa YA, Haring D, Harrison JE, Havmoeller R, Hay RJ, Hoen B, Hotez PJ, Hoy D, Jacobsen KH, James SL, Jasrasaria R, Jayaraman S, Johns N, Karthikeyan G, Kassebaum N, Keren A, Khoo JP, Knowlton LM, Kobusingye O, Koranteng A, Krishnamurthi R, Lipnick M, Lipshultz SE, Ohno SL, Mabweijano J, MacIntyre MF, Mallinger L, March L, Marks GB, Marks R, Matsumori A, Matzopoulos R, Mayosi BM, McAnulty JH, McDermott MM, McGrath J, Mensah GA, Merriman TR, Michaud C, Miller M, Miller TR, Mock C, Mocumbi AO, Mokdad AA, Moran A, Mulholland K, Nair MN, Naldi L, Narayan KM, Nasseri K, Norman P, O'Donnell M, Omer SB, Ortblad K, Osborne R, Ozgediz D, Pahari B, Pandian JD, Rivero AP, Padilla RP, Perez-Ruiz F, Perico N, Phillips D, Pierce K, Pope CA, Porrini E, Pourmalek F, Raju M, Ranganathan D, Rehm JT, Rein DB, Remuzzi G, Rivara FP, Roberts T, De León FR, Rosenfeld LC, Rushton L, Sacco RL, Salomon JA, Sampson U, Sanman E, Schwebel DC, Segui-Gomez M, Shepard DS, Singh D, Singleton J, Sliwa K, Smith E, Steer A, Taylor JA, Thomas B, Tleyjeh IM, Towbin JA, Truelsen T, Undurraga EA, Venketasubramanian N, Vijayakumar L, Vos T, Wagner GR, Wang M, Wang W, Watt K, Weinstock MA, Weintraub R, Wilkinson JD, Woolf AD, Wulf S, Yeh PH, Yip P, Zabetian A, Zheng ZJ, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, AlMazroa MA, Memish ZA |title= Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 |journal= Lancet |volume= 380 |issue= 9859 |pages= 2095–128 |date= December 2012 |pmid= 23245604 |doi= 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |pmc= 10790329 |hdl= 10536/DRO/DU:30050819 |s2cid= 1541253 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519152712/https://zenodo.org/record/2557786 |archive-date=May 19, 2020|hdl-access= free }}</ref>

In North America and Europe, the annual [[incidence (epidemiology)|number of new cases per year]] of kidney stones is roughly 0.5%. In the United States, the frequency in the population of urolithiasis has increased from 3.2% to 5.2% from the mid-1970s to the mid-1990s.<ref name=Moe2006 /> In the United States, about 9% of the population has had a kidney stone.<ref name=NIH2013 />

The total cost for treating urolithiasis was US$2&nbsp;billion in 2003.<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> About 65–80% of those with kidney stones are men; most stones in women are due to either metabolic defects (such as [[cystinuria]]) or infections in the case of [[struvite stone]]s.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /><ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Windus D |title=The Washington manual nephrology subspecialty consult |year=2008 |publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7817-9149-6 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPgGqotdzqAC&pg=PA235 |edition=2nd |url-status= live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909114412/https://books.google.com/books?id=sPgGqotdzqAC&pg=PA235 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Urinary tract calculi disorders are more common in men than in women.  Men most commonly experience their first episode between 30 and 40 years of age, whereas for women, the age at first presentation is somewhat later.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 /> The age of onset shows a [[bimodal distribution]] in women, with episodes peaking at 35 and 55 years.<ref name=Pietrow2006 /> Recurrence rates are estimated at 50% over a 10-year and 75% over 20-year period,<ref name=Moe2006 /> with some people experiencing ten or more episodes over the course of a lifetime.<ref name=Heptinstall2007 />

A 2010 review concluded that rates of disease are increasing.<ref name=RevUrol2010>{{cite journal | vauthors = Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG | title = Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors | journal = Reviews in Urology | volume = 12 | issue = 2–3 | pages = e86-96 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20811557 | pmc = 2931286 }}</ref>