Editing Hui people (section)

==== Outside marriage ====

Intermarriage generally involves a Han Chinese converting to Islam when marrying a Hui, and marriage without conversion only takes place rarely. In Hui discourse, marriage between a Hui woman and a Han man is not allowed unless the Han converts to Islam, although it occurred repeatedly in Eastern China. Generally Han of both sexes have to convert to Islam before marrying. This practice helped increase the population of Hui.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plurality and Unity in the Configuration of the Chinese People|last=FEI|first=XIAOTONG|date=15–17 November 1988|work=THE TANNER LECTURES ON HUMAN VALUES |url=http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/fei90.pdf|publisher=The Chinese University of Hong Kong|page=30|access-date=31 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100610071632/http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/fei90.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2010}}</ref> A case of switching nationality occurred in 1972 when a Han man married a Hui and was considered a Hui after converting.<ref name="Susan Debra Blum, Lionel M. Jensen 2002 121"/>

''Zhao nuxu'' is a practice where the son-in-law moves in with the wife's family. Some marriages between Han and Hui are conducted this way. The husband does not need to convert, but the wife's family follows Islamic customs. No census data documents this type of marriage, reporting only cases in which the wife moves in with the groom's family.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=211}} In [[Henan]] province, a marriage was recorded between a Han boy and Hui girl without the Han converting, during the [[Ming dynasty]]. Steles in Han and Hui villages record this story and Hui and Han members of the Lineage celebrate at the ancestral temple together.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Allès|first=Elizabeth |url=http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document649.html|title=Notes on some joking relationships between Hui and Han villages in Henan|journal=China Perspectives|year=2003|volume=2003|issue=5 |doi=10.4000/chinaperspectives.649 |access-date=28 June 2010|archive-date=30 June 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630215652/http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document649.html|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Beijing, Oxen street Gladney found 37 Han–Hui couples; two of which were had Hui wives and the other 35 had Hui husbands.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=209}} Data was collected in different Beijing districts. In Ma Dian 20% of intermarriages were Hui women marrying into Han families, in Tang Fang 11% of intermarriage were Hui women marrying into Han families. 67.3% of intermarriage in Tang Fang were Han women marrying into a Hui family and in Ma Dian 80% of intermarriage were Han women marrying into Hui families.{{sfn|Gladney|1996|p=210}}

[[Li Nu]], the son of Li Lu, from a Han Chinese Li family in Quanzhou visited [[Ormus|Hormuz]] in [[Persia]] in 1376. He married a [[Persian people|Persian]] or an [[Arab]] girl, and brought her back to [[Quanzhou]]. He then converted to Islam. Li Nu was the ancestor of Ming dynasty reformer [[Li Zhi (philosopher)|Li Chih]].<ref>{{cite book|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=067On0JgItAC |page=817}}|title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644|series=A-L, Volumes 1–2 |author=Association for Asian studies |year=1976|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=817|isbn=978-0231038010|access-date=29 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| first=Joseph |last=Needham| title=Science and civilisation in China |volume=4| url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=l6TVhvYLaEwC}}| access-date=29 June 2010| date=1 April 1971| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=0-521-07060-0| page=495}}.</ref>

In [[Gansu]] province in the 1800s, a Muslim Hui woman married into the [[Han Chinese]] Kong lineage of Dachuan, which was descended from Confucius. The Han Chinese groom and his family were only converted to Islam after the marriage by their Muslim relatives. In 1715 in [[Yunnan]] province, few Han Chinese married Hui women and converted to Islam.

Jiang Xingzhou, a Han [[Eight Banners|bannerman lieutenant from the Bordered Yellow Banner]], married a Muslim woman in [[Mukden]] during Qianlong's late reign. He fled his position due to fear of being punished for being a bannerman marrying a commoner woman. He was sentenced to death for leaving his official post but the sentence was commuted and he was not executed.<ref>GZSL,juan1272, QL 52.1.8 (25 February 1787).</ref>

In the [[Dungan Revolt (1895–96)]] 400 Muslims in Topa [[w:zh:多巴镇|多巴]] did not join the revolt and proclaimed their loyalty to China. An argument between a Han Chinese and his Muslim wife led to these Muslims getting massacred, when she threatened that the Muslims from Topa would attack Tankar and give a signal to their co-religionists to rise up and open the gates by burning the temples atop the hills. The husband reported this to an official and the next day the Muslims were massacred with the exception of a few Muslim girls who were married off to Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple|author=Susie Carson Rijnhart |location=Chicago, New York & Toronto|edition=3rd|year=1901 |publisher=Fleming H. Revell Company|chapter=CHAPTER VIII OUR REMOVAL TO TANKAR|chapter-url=http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/rijnhart/tibetans/tibetans.html|access-date=24 April 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304010301/http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/rijnhart/tibetans/tibetans.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Susie Carson Rijnhart|title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple: Narrative of Four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Borders and of a Journey Into the Far Interior|year=1999 |publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWh-NGQSZdkC&q=During+the+recent+rebellion,+as+already+stated,+a+large+proportion+of+the+Mohammedan+population+left+their+homes+and+joined+the+rebel+forces,+while+th&pg=PA135|isbn=978-81-206-1302-7|access-date=6 May 2020|url-status=live|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803081559/https://books.google.com/books?id=aWh-NGQSZdkC&pg=PA135&dq=During+the+recent+rebellion,+as+already+stated,+a+large+proportion+of+the+Mohammedan+population+left+their+homes+and+joined+the+rebel+forces,+while+th}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= Susie Carson Rijnhart |year=1901 |title=With the Tibetans in Tent and Temple: Narrative of Four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Border, and of a Journey Into the Far Interior |publisher=Oliphant, Anderson, & Ferrier |url=https://archive.org/details/withtibetansint00rijngoog |quote=During the recent rebellion, as already stated, a large proportion of the Mohammedan population left their homes and joined the rebel forces,{{nbsp}}...|pages=[https://archive.org/details/withtibetansint00rijngoog/page/n146 135]}}</ref>

In the 21st century, Hui men marrying Han women and Han men who marry Hui women have above average education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=50502|title=The Cross-Cultural Patterns of Interracial Marriage|last1=Heaton|first1=Tim B.|last2=Jacobson|first2=Cardell K.|date=September 2004|page=10|publisher=Department of Sociology Brigham Young University|access-date=31 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133855/http://paa2005.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=50502|archive-date=17 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>