Editing History of Spain (section)

===Disaster of 1898===
[[File:Maine explosion.jpg|thumb|The explosion of the {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|6}} launched the [[Spanish–American War]] in April 1898]]
In 1868, Cuba launched a [[Ten Years' War|war of independence against Spain]]. As had been the case in Santo Domingo, the Spanish government was embroiled in a difficult campaign against an indigenous rebellion. [[Dominican Restoration War|Unlike in Santo Domingo]], however, Spain initially won this struggle. The pacification of the island was temporary, however, as the conflict [[Cuban War of Independence|revived in 1895]] and ended in defeat at the hands of the United States in the [[Spanish–American War]] of 1898. Cuba gained its independence and Spain lost its remaining New World colony, Puerto Rico, which together with Guam and the Philippines were ceded to the United States for $20&nbsp;million. In 1899, Spain sold its remaining Pacific islands – the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Caroline Islands]] and [[Palau]] – to Germany and Spanish colonial possessions were reduced to [[Spanish Morocco]], [[Spanish Sahara]] and [[Spanish Guinea]], all in Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895–1898|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim040130024|access-date=2022-08-17|website=The SHAFR Guide Online|first=John L.|last=Offner|doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim040130024}}</ref>

The "disaster" of 1898 created the [[Generation of '98]], a group of statesmen and intellectuals who demanded liberal change from the new government. However both [[anarchism]] on the left and [[fascism]] on the right grew rapidly in the early 20th century. A revolt in 1909 in [[Catalonia]] was bloodily suppressed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramsden|first=H.|date=March 1974|title=The Spanish 'Generation of 1898': I. The history of a concept|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/bjrl.56.2.10|journal=Bulletin of the John Rylands Library|volume=56|issue=2|pages=463–491|doi=10.7227/bjrl.56.2.10|issn=2054-9326}}</ref> Jensen (1999) argues that the defeat of 1898 led many military officers to abandon the liberalism that had been strong in the officer corps and turn to the right. They interpreted the American victory in 1898 as well as the [[Russo-Japanese War|Japanese victory against Russia in 1905]] as proof of the superiority of willpower and moral values over technology. Over the next three decades, Jensen argues, these values shaped the outlook of [[Francisco Franco]] and other Falangists.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jensen|first=Geoffrey|date=October 1999|title=Moral Strength Through Material Defeat? The Consequences of 1898 for Spanish Military Culture|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/072924799791201489|journal=War & Society|volume=17|issue=2|pages=25–39|doi=10.1179/072924799791201489|pmid=22593976|issn=0729-2473}}</ref>