Editing Hasmonean dynasty (section)

===Jewish nationalism===
The fall of the Hasmonean Kingdom marked an end to a century of Jewish self-governance, but Jewish nationalism and desire for independence continued under Roman rule, beginning with the [[Census of Quirinius]] in AD 6 and leading to a series of [[Jewish–Roman wars]] in the 1st–2nd centuries, including the [[First Jewish–Roman War|Great Revolt]] (AD 66–73), the [[Kitos War]] (115–117), and [[Bar Kokhba's revolt]] (132–135).

During the wars, temporary commonwealths were established, but they ultimately fell to the sustained might of Rome. [[Roman legion]]s under [[Vespasian]] and [[Titus]] [[Destruction of Jerusalem|besieged and destroyed Jerusalem]], looted and burned [[Herod's Temple]] (in the year 70) and Jewish strongholds (notably Gamla in 67 and [[Masada]] in 73), and [[Slavery|enslaved]] or [[Wiktionary:massacre|massacred]] a large part of the Jewish population. The defeat of the Jewish revolts against the Roman Empire notably contributed to the numbers and geography of the [[Jewish Diaspora]], as many Jews were scattered after losing their state or were sold into [[slavery]] throughout the empire.

Daniel R. Schwartz believes the thematic differences in 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees reflect the ideological divide on whether Jews should be oriented around religion or politics, in the form of Jewish theocracies and/or secular nationalism.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Schwartz |first=Daniel R. |date=2021 |title=Judea versus Judaism: Between 1 and 2 Maccabees |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316100256/https://www.thetorah.com/article/judea-versus-judaism-between-1-and-2-maccabees |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |website=TheTorah.com}}</ref>