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==References== === Citations === {{reflist|20em}} === Sources === {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |title=Eclipse of the Sunnis: Power, Exile, and Upheaval in the Middle East |last=Amos |first=Deborah |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58648-649-5}} * {{Cite book |title=Promised Land?: A Perspective on Palestinian–Israeli Conflict |last=Ahmad |first=M. |author-link=Muslehuddin Ahmad |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4490-1797-2}} * {{Cite book |title=Minorities and the State in the Arab World |editor-last=Bengio |editor-first=Offra |year=1998 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-55587-647-0}} * {{Cite book |title=Middle Eastern Leaders and Islam: A Precarious Equilibrium |last=Alianak |first=Sonia |publisher=Peter Lang |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8204-6924-9}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidereferenc0000ball |title=Genocide: A Reference Handbook |last=Ball |first=Howard |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-59884-488-7 |url-access=registration }} * {{Cite book |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |last=Batatu |first=H. |author-link=Hanna Batatu |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00254-1}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/killingmrlebanon00blan |title=Killing Mr. Lebanon: The Assassination of Rafik Hariri and Its Impact on the Middle East |last=Blandford |first=Nicholas |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84511-202-8 }} * {{Cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/syria/57.htm |title=1982 – 1987 Political Developments |last=Collelo |first=Thomas |year=1987 |website=Syria: A Country Study |publisher=GPO for the Library of Congress |location=Washington |access-date=8 October 2012 |archive-date=8 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008104311/http://countrystudies.us/syria/57.htm |url-status=live }} * {{Cite book |last1=Dagher |first1=Sam |title=Assad or we Burn the Country |date=2019 |publisher=Little, Brown & Company |location=New York |isbn=978-0316556705 |edition=First U.S.}} * {{Cite book |title=Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair |last=Dawisha |first=Adeed |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |year=2005 |isbn=9780691122724 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |title=The Baath Party: a History from its Origins to 1966 |last=Devlin |first=John |publisher=[[Hoover Institution Press]] |year=1975 |isbn=0817965610 |edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book |title=The Middle East Enters the Twenty-first Century |last=Freedman |first=R. |author-link=Robert Freedman (political scientist) |publisher=University Press of Florida |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8130-3110-1}} * {{Cite book |title=Lebanon: The Fractured Country |last=Gilmour |first=David |author-link=Sir David Gilmour, 4th Baronet |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=1983 |isbn=0312477384}} * {{Cite book |title=Syria: Revolution from Above |last=Hinnebusch |first=Raymond |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-26779-3 |edition=1st}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/inheritingsyria00flyn |title=Inheriting Syria: Bashar's Trial By Fire |last=Leverett |first=F. |author-link=Flynt Leverett |publisher=Brookings Institution Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8157-5204-2 }} * {{Cite book |url=https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict |title=An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945–1996 |last=Jessup |first=John E. |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1998 |location=Westport, CT |access-date=29 August 2017 |archive-date=10 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010024655/https://www.questia.com/read/106899354/an-encyclopedic-dictionary-of-conflict-and-conflict |isbn=978-0-313-28112-9 |url-status=bot: unknown }} * {{Cite book |last=Lüthi |first=Lorenz M. |title=Cold Wars: Asia, the Middle East, Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-108-41833-1 |location=New York |chapter=20: The Middle East |doi=10.1017/9781108289825}} * {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Olmert |first=Yosef |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=1986 |isbn=978-965-224-006-4 |editor-last=Shaked |editor-first=Haim |volume=8 |editor-last2=Dishon |editor-first2=Daniel}} * {{Cite book |title=Syria Under the Baʻth, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis |last=Rabinovich |first=Itamar |author-link=Itamar Rabinovich |publisher=[[Transaction Publishers]] |year=1972 |isbn=0-7065-1266-9}} * {{Cite book |title=Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary |last=Reich |first=Bernard |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-313-26213-5}} * {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/asadofsyriastrug00seal |title=Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East |last=Seale |first=P. |author-link=Patrick Seale |publisher=University of California Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-06976-3 }} * {{Cite book |title=A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East |last=Seddon |first=David |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-85743-212-1}} * {{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=Christopher |title=In Search of Greater Syria: The History and Politics of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-8386-0640-4 |location=New York |chapter=1:Introduction |quote=}} * {{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and Military History |last1=Tucker |first1=S. |author-link1=Spencer C. Tucker |last2=Roberts |first2=Priscilla M. |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85109-842-2}} * {{Cite book |title=Lebanon: War and Politics in a Fragmented Society |last=Winslow |first=Charles |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-134-76240-8}} * {{Cite book |title=The Assads' Syria |last=Zahler |first=Kathy A. |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8225-9095-8}} * {{Cite book |title=Asad's Legacy: Syria in Transition |last=Ziser |first=Eyal |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-85065-450-6}} * {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-8133-2133-2 |editor-last=Ayalon |editor-first=Ami |volume=16}} * {{Cite book |title=Middle East Contemporary Survey |last=Zisser |first=Eyal |publisher=The Moshe Dayan Center |year=2002 |isbn=978-965-224-049-1 |editor-last=Maddy-Weitzman |editor-first=Bruce |volume=23}} {{Refend|2}}
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