Editing Funk (section)

=== Women and funk ===
[[File:Chaka Khan.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Chaka Khan]] (born 1953) has been called the "Queen of Funk".]]
Despite funk's popularity in modern music, few people have examined the work of [[Women in music|funk women]]. Notable funk women include [[Chaka Khan]], [[Labelle]], [[Brides of Funkenstein]], [[Klymaxx]], [[Mother's Finest]], [[Lyn Collins]], [[Betty Davis]] and [[Teena Marie]]. As cultural critic Cheryl Keyes explains in her essay "She Was Too Black for Rock and Too Hard for Soul: (Re)discovering the Musical Career of Betty Mabry Davis", most of the scholarship around funk has focused on the cultural work of men. She states that "Betty Davis is an artist whose name has gone unheralded as a pioneer in the annals of funk and rock. Most writing on these musical genres has traditionally placed male artists like Jimi Hendrix, George Clinton (of Parliament-Funkadelic), and bassist Larry Graham as trendsetters in the shaping of a rock music sensibility."<ref>{{cite journal|first=Cheryl|last=Keyes|title=She Was too Black for Rock and too hard for Soul: (Re)discovering the Musical Career of Betty Mabry Davis|date=2013|journal=American Studies|volume=52|issue=4|page=35|doi=10.1353/ams.2013.0107|s2cid=159486276|url=https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4476|archive-date=October 24, 2018|access-date=October 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192240/https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4476|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In ''The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout'', Nikki A. Greene<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout|first=Nikki A.|last=Greene|journal=American Studies|volume=52|date=2013|issue=4|pages=57–76|doi=10.1353/ams.2013.0117|jstor=24589269|s2cid=143460406|url=http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4472}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> notes that Davis' provocative and controversial style helped her rise to popularity in the 1970s as she focused on sexually motivated, self-empowered subject matter. Furthermore, this affected the young artist's ability to draw large audiences and commercial success. Greene also notes that Davis was never made an official spokesperson or champion for the civil rights and feminist movements of the time, although more recently{{when|date=October 2018}} her work has become a symbol of sexual liberation for women of color. Davis' song "If I'm In Luck I Just Might Get Picked Up", on her self-titled debut album, sparked controversy, and was banned by the Detroit [[NAACP]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://journals.ku.edu/amsj/article/download/4472/4302/|title=The Feminist Funk Power of Betty Davis and Renée Stout|website=journals.ku.edu|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> Maureen Mahan, a musicologist and anthropologist, examines Davis' impact on the music industry and the American public in her article "They Say She's Different: Race, Gender, Genre, and the Liberated Black Femininity of Betty Davis".

Laina Dawes, the author of ''What Are You Doing Here: A Black Woman's Life and Liberation in Heavy Metal'', believes [[respectability politics]] is the reason artists like Davis do not get the same recognition as their male counterparts: "I blame what I call respectability politics as part of the reason the funk-rock some of the women from the '70s aren't better known. Despite the importance of their music and presence, many of the funk-rock females represented the aggressive behavior and sexuality that many people were not comfortable with."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ebony.com/entertainment/rise-of-the-funky-diva-999/|title=Rise of the Funky Divas|last=Gonzales|first=Michael A.|date=2016-07-22|website=EBONY|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref>

[[File:Janellemonae (300dpi).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Janelle Monáe]] (born 1985) is part of a new wave of female funk artists.]]
According to Francesca T. Royster, in [[Rickey Vincent]]'s book ''Funk: The Music, The People, and The Rhythm of The One'', he analyzes the impact of Labelle but only in limited sections. Royster criticizes Vincent's analysis of the group, stating: "It is a shame, then, that Vincent gives such minimal attention to Labelle's performances in his study. This reflects, unfortunately, a still consistent sexism that shapes the evaluation of funk music. In ''Funk'', Vincent's analysis of Labelle is brief—sharing a single paragraph with the Pointer Sisters in his three-page sub chapter, 'Funky Women.' He writes that while '[[Lady Marmalade]]' 'blew the lid off of the standards of sexual innuendo and skyrocketed the group's star status,' the band's 'glittery image slipped into the disco undertow and was ultimately wasted as the trio broke up in search of solo status" (Vincent, 1996, 192).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Royster|first=Francesca T.|date=2013|title=Labelle: Funk, Feminism, and the Politics of Flight and Fight|journal=American Studies|volume=52|issue=4|pages=77–98|doi=10.1353/ams.2013.0120|s2cid=143971031|issn=2153-6856|url=http://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4474|access-date=November 20, 2018|archive-date=November 20, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181120140025/https://journals.ku.edu/amerstud/article/view/4474|url-status=dead}}</ref> Many female artists who are considered to be in the genre of funk, also share songs in the [[disco]], [[Soul music|soul]], and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] genres; Labelle falls into this category of women who are split among genres due to a critical view of music theory and the history of sexism in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1979/08/01/on-the-difference-between-funk-and-disco/25fcc5c6-1a13-4d64-9e99-a67dbd004b9a/|title=On the Difference Between Funk and Disco|date=August 1, 1979|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>

In the 21st century,{{when|date=October 2018}} artists like [[Janelle Monáe]] have opened the doors for more scholarship and analysis on the female impact on the funk music genre.{{dubious|reason=Monáe causes scholarship and analysis? Really? Are you really making that assertion in an encyclopedia article?|date=October 2018}} Monáe's style bends concepts of [[gender]], [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], and self-expression in a manner similar to the way some male pioneers in funk broke boundaries.<ref name=Valnes>{{Cite journal|last=Valnes|first=Matthew|date=September 2017|title=Janelle Monáe and Afro-Sonic Feminist Funk|journal=Journal of Popular Music Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=e12224|doi=10.1111/jpms.12224|issn=1524-2226}}</ref> Her albums center on [[Afrofuturism|Afro-futuristic]] concepts, centering on elements of female and black empowerment and visions of a [[dystopia]]n future.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vox.com/2018/5/16/17318242/janelle-monae-science-fiction-influences-afrofuturism|title=Janelle Monáe's body of work is a masterpiece of modern science fiction|work=Vox|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref> In his article "Janelle Monáe and Afro-sonic Feminist Funk", Matthew Valnes writes that Monae's involvement in the funk genre is juxtaposed with the traditional view of funk as a male-centered genre. Valnes acknowledges that funk is male-dominated, but provides insight to the societal circumstances that led to this situation.<ref name=Valnes/>{{clarify|reason=Please share some of that insight with our readers. This is an encyclopedia, not a book report.|date=October 2018}}

Monáe's influences include her mentor Prince, Funkadelic, [[Lauryn Hill]], and other funk and R&B artists, but according to Emily Lordi, "[Betty] Davis is seldom listed among Janelle Monáe's many influences, and certainly the younger singer's high-tech concepts, virtuosic performances, and meticulously produced songs are far removed from Davis's proto-punk aesthetic. But... like Davis, she also is closely linked with a visionary male mentor (Prince). The title of Monáe's 2013 album, ''The Electric Lady'', alludes to Hendrix's ''Electric Ladyland'', but it also implicitly cites the coterie of women that inspired Hendrix himself: that group, called the Cosmic Ladies or Electric Ladies, was together led by Hendrix's lover Devon Wilson and Betty Davis."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-artful-erotic-and-still-misunderstood-funk-of-betty-davis|title=The Artful, Erotic, and Still Misunderstood Funk of Betty Davis|first=Emily|last=Lordi|date=May 2, 2018|magazine=The New Yorker|access-date=October 23, 2018}}</ref>