Editing Four Noble Truths (section)

==Notes==
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{{refn|group=note|name=dukkha|''Dukkha'' is often translated as "suffering," but this translation only covers the general meaning. The exact translation is dependent on the context.
* Peter Harvey, ''Dukkha, Non-Self, and the Teaching of the Four Noble Truths'', in Steven M. Emmanuel, ''A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy'', p.30: ""suffering" is an appropriate translation only in a general, inexact sense [...] In the passage on the first ''True Reality'', ''dukkha'' in "birth is ''dukkha''" is an adjective [...] The best translation here is by the English adjective "painful," which can apply to a range of things."
* {{harvtxt|Analayo|2013b}}: "Dukkha is often translated as "suffering". Suffering, however, represents only one aspect of dukkha, a term whose range of implications is difficult to capture with a single English word. Dukkha can be derived from the Sanskrit kha, one meaning of which is "the axle-hole of a wheel", and the antithetic prefix duå (<nowiki>=</nowiki> dus), which stands for "difficulty" or "badness". The complete term then evokes the image of an axle not fitting properly into its hole. According to this image, dukkha suggests "disharmony" or "friction". Alternatively dukkha can be related to the Sanskrit stha, "standing" or "abiding", combined with the same antithetic prefix duå. Dukkha in the sense of "standing badly" then conveys nuances of "uneasiness" or of being "uncomfortable". In order to catch the various nuances of "dukkha", the most convenient translation is "unsatisfactoriness", though it might be best to leave the term untranslated."
* Dalai Lama, Thubten Chodron, ''Approaching the Buddhist Path'', p.279 note 2: "''Duhkha'' (P. ''dukkha'') is often translated as "suffering," but this translation is misleading. Its meaning is more nuanced and refers to all unsatisfactory states and experiences, many of which are not explicitly painfull. While the Buddha says that life under the influence of afflictions and polluted karma is unsatisfactory, he does not say that life is suffering."
* Gombrich, ''What the Buddha Thought'', p.10: "there has been a lot of argument over how to translate the word dukkha; and again, the choice of translation must depend heavily on the context. But what is being expressed is that life as we normally experience it is unsatisfactory."
* According to {{harvtxt|Khantipalo|2003|p=46}}, "suffering" is an incorrect translation, since ''dukkha'' refers to the ultimately unsatisfactory nature of temporary states and things, including pleasant but temporary experiences.
* According to {{harvtxt|Emmanuel|2015|p=30}}, ''Dukkha'' is the opposite of ''sukha'', "pleasure", and it is better translated as "pain".
* {{harvtxt|Huxter|2016|p=10}}: "dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or suffering)...";
* {{harvtxt|Anderson|2013|pp=1, 22 with note 4}}: "(...) the three characteristics of samsara/sankhara (the realm of rebirth): anicca (impermance), dukkha (pain) and anatta (no-self)."}}
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{{efn|name="EB-Arhat"|[a] [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Four-Noble-Truths Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY], '''Encyclopaedia Britannica''': "Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the Pali term Chattari-ariya-saccani (Sanskrit: Chatvari-arya-satyani), because noble (Pali: ariya; Sanskrit: arya) refers not to the truths themselves but to those who recognize and understand them. A more accurate rendering, therefore, might be "four truths for the [spiritually] noble" [...]";<br />[b] [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/34073/arhat ''Arhat (Buddhism)''], '''Encyclopædia Britannica'''}}
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