Editing Fair trade (section)

==== Labour ====
Starbucks began to purchase more fair trade coffee in 2001 because of charges of labor rights violations in Central American plantations. Several competitors, including Nestlé, followed suit.<ref name="Jaffee, Daniel 2012 pp. 94-116">Jaffee, Daniel: "Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-Optation in the Fair Trade Movement." ''Social Problems'', Vol. 59, No. 1 (February 2012), pp. 94–116</ref> Large corporations that sell non-fair trade coffee take 55% of what consumers pay for coffee while only 10% goes to the producers. Small growers dominate the production of coffee, especially in Latin American countries such as Peru. Coffee is the {{clarify|text=fastest expanding|date=March 2022}} fairly traded commodity, and an increasing{{current event inline|date=March 2022}} number of producers are small farmers that own their own land and work in cooperatives. The incomes of growers of fair trade coffee beans depend on the market value of coffee where it is consumed, so farmers of fair trade coffee do not necessarily live above the poverty line or get completely {{clarify|text=fair prices|date=March 2022}} for their commodity.<ref name="ReferenceA">Ransom, David. ''The No-nonsense Guide to Fair Trade.'' Oxford: New Internationalist Publications, 2001</ref>

Unsustainable farming practices can harm plantation owners and laborers. Unsustainable practices such as using {{clarify|text=chemicals|date=March 2022}} and unshaded growing are risky. Small growers who put themselves at economic risk by not having {{clarify|text=diverse farming practices|date=March 2022}} could lose money and resources due to fluctuating coffee prices, pest problems, or policy shifts.<ref name="Rice, Robert A 1999">Rice, Robert A (1999). "A Place Unbecoming: The Coffee Farm of Northern Latin America." ''Geographical Review'': 89(4): 554–579.</ref>

The effectiveness of Fairtrade is questionable; workers on Fairtrade farms have a lower standard of living than on similar farms outside the Fairtrade system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/05/agriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda?fsrc=scn/fb/wl/bl/notsofairtrade|access-date=3 July 2014|title=Agriculture in Ethiopia and Uganda: Not so fair trade|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714192341/http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/05/agriculture-ethiopia-and-uganda?fsrc=scn%2Ffb%2Fwl%2Fbl%2Fnotsofairtrade|url-status=live}}</ref>