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Evolutionary psychology
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===Coalitional psychology=== Coalitional psychology is an approach to explain political behaviors between different [[coalitions]] and the [[conditionality]] of these behaviors in evolutionary psychological perspective. This approach assumes that since human beings appeared on the earth, they have evolved to live in groups instead of living as individuals to achieve benefits such as more mating opportunities and increased status.<ref name="Lopez 2011 and all">{{cite journal | last1 = Lopez | first1 = Anthony C. | last2 = McDermott | first2 = Rose | last3 = Bang Petersen | first3 = Michael | year = 2011| title = States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and International Politics | journal = International Security | volume = 36 | issue = 2| pages = 61β66 | doi=10.1162/isec_a_00056| s2cid = 57562816 }}</ref> Human beings thus naturally think and act in a way that manages and negotiates [[group dynamics]]. Coalitional psychology offers falsifiable [[Ex-ante|ex ante]] prediction by positing five hypotheses on how these [[psychological adaptation]]s operate:<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Lopez | first1 = Anthony C. | last2 = McDermott | first2 = Rose | last3 = Bang Petersen | first3 = Michael | year = 2011| title = States in Mind: Evolution, Coalitional Psychology, and International Politics | journal = International Security | volume = 36 | issue = 2| pages = 66β82 | doi=10.1162/isec_a_00056| s2cid = 57562816 }}</ref> * Humans represent groups as a special category of individual, unstable and with a short shadow of the future * [[Political entrepreneurs]] strategically manipulate the coalitional environment, often appealing to emotional devices such as "outrage" to inspire [[collective action]]. * [[Relative gains]] dominate relations with enemies, whereas [[absolute gains]] characterize relations with allies. * Coalitional size and male physical strength will positively predict individual support for aggressive foreign policies. * Individuals with children, particularly women, will vary in adopting aggressive foreign policies than those without progeny.
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