Editing Duke (section)

== Analogues ==
{{main|Equivalents of Duke outside Europe|Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles}}
Like other major Western noble titles, Duke is sometimes used to render (translate) certain titles in non-western languages. "Duke" is used even though those titles are generally etymologically and often historically unrelated and thus hard to compare. However, they are considered roughly equivalent, especially in hierarchic aristocracies such as feudal Japan, useful as an indication of relative rank.

=== Indian Subcontinent ===
The [[Indian feudalism|Indian feudal system]] cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts. The closest equivalent to the title of Sovereign Duke is [[Rao (title)|Rao]] and [[Nawab]] to a feudal [[duchy]], a large [[jagir]]. Thus, a Rao (in the ruling system) or a Jagirdar, Deshmukh, Patil, and Zamindar (in a feudal way) are closely equivalent to a Duke.

=== Turkey, Afghanistan and Iran ===
''Duke'' in Turkey, Afghanistan, and Iran after Mongolian war against them, was added as generals and kings of districts or states. In the Kingdom of Persians and Ottomans, the systems cannot be fully translated to its European counterparts so they called those generals and kings as [[Khan (title)|Khan]], a Mongolian royal and noble rank from the Turco-Mongol word for "lord", analogous to Duke. After revolutions and the falling Empire system in those countries (changing the ruling system to democratic and republic systems), those Khans and the other equal ranks titles added to the titleholder's surnames, and the ranking system, as usual, was disqualified as an official ranking.

=== China ===
During the era of ''[[fengjian]]'' in [[History of China#Ancient China|Ancient China]] ([[Western Zhou]], [[Spring and Autumn period]] and the [[Warring States period]]), the [[Zhou dynasty nobility|title]] of ''[[Gong (title)|gōng]]'' ([[wikt:公|公]]; sometimes translated as "Duke", sometimes as "Lord") was sparingly granted.  Under the principle of "Three Deferences and Two Royal Descendants" (三恪二王後), the three former royal houses were granted the title of ''gōng''; however, not all scholars recognize such a tradition in the Western Zhou dynasty.  For that dynasty, this would be the descendants of the [[Xia dynasty]] and [[Shang dynasty]]; their dukedoms were respectively [[Qi (Henan)|Qi]] (杞) and [[Song (state)|Song]] (宋).  According to tradition, these states were considered the king's guests rather than subjects.  However, recent scholarship has identified multiple other meanings for ''gōng'', including the patriarch of a lineage,  a non-inheritable title signifying a very broad and senior position within the court, or a respectful appellation for any regional ruler or deceased ancestor.<ref>{{ cite journal
| last = Pines | first=Yuri
| title= Names and Titles in Eastern Zhou Texts
| journal= T'oung Pao| year = 2020
| volume= 106 | issue=5–6
| page = 716
| publisher= Brill | doi=10.1163/15685322-10656P06
| s2cid=234449375
| place = Leiden
}}</ref>

In works like ''[[Mencius (book)|Mencius]]''<ref name="Li-2008">{{ cite book
| author= Li Feng | year = 2008
| title= Perceptions of Antiquity in Chinese Civilization
| editor1 = Dieter Kuhn
| editor2 = Helga Stahl
| chapter= Transmitting Antiquity: The Origin and Paradigmization of the “Five Ranks”
| pages = 103–134
| publisher= Würzburger Sinologische Schriften
| place = Würzberg
| ref = {{sfnref|Li|2008}}
}}</ref>{{rp|106}} and others that date to the [[Warring States period]], ''gōng'' was interpreted as the highest in the "five ranks of nobles" ([[:zh:五等爵|五等爵]]) attributed to the Western Zhou dynasty.<ref>{{ cite journal
| last = Falkenhausen| first =Lothar von
| title=The Concept of Wen in the Ancient Chinese Ancestral Cult
| journal=Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews
| volume= 18 | year = 1996 | page = 7
| doi = 10.2307/495623
| jstor = 495623
}}</ref> However, the title was not in use until the end of the Western Han,<ref name="Li-2008" />{{rp|126}} granted to the descendants of the [[Shang dynasty|Shang]] and Zhou royal houses and the eventual usurper [[Wang Mang]].  It was also granted to [[Cao Cao]].<ref>{{cite book
| title= [[Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms]]
| script-title= zh:三國志注
| author= Chen Shou | author-link= Chen Shou
| editor=Pei Songzhi | editor-link=Pei Songzhi
| year = 1977 | orig-year=429
| publisher= Dingwen Printing
| place=Taipei
| ref={{sfnref|Chen and Pei|429}}
| chapter=[[:s:zh:三國志/卷01|1: 武帝紀]]
| page = 37
}}</ref> The title during the Han was inferior to that of prince (諸侯王), which was only available to imperial princes.  The "five ranks of nobles" were implemented as such during the [[Jin dynasty (266–420)|Jin dynasty]] (晉朝).<ref name="Li-2008" />{{rp|127}}  During the [[Southern dynasties]], usurpers typically sought the title of duke, then prince, before compelling the monarch to abdicate.

The [[Duke of Yansheng]] noble title was granted to the descendants of [[Confucius]]. In 1935, the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] Government changed the title to Sacrificial Official to Confucius (大成至聖先師奉祀官), which still exists as a hereditary office of the [[Republic of China]].

The title ''gōng'' and others were also awarded, sometimes [[posthumous names|posthumously]], during the imperial period of [[Chinese history]] to recognize distinguished civil and military officials. These could include a taxable base for the official, or could be purely honorary. For example, [[Emperor Lizong of Song]] granted the posthumous title Duke of Hui (徽國公) to the [[Neo-Confucian]] thinker [[Zhu Xi]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chu Hsi New Studies|last=Chan|first=Wing-tsit|publisher=University of Hawai`i Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-8248-1201-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chuhsinewstudies0000chan/page/34 34]|url=https://archive.org/details/chuhsinewstudies0000chan/page/34}}</ref>

===Indonesia===
The Javanese kingdom of [[Majapahit]], which dominated eastern Java in the 14th and 15th centuries, was divided into ''nagara'' (provinces). The administration of these ''nagara'' was entrusted to members of the royal family, who bore the title of ''Bhre''—i.e., ''Bhra I'', "lord of" (the word ''bhra'' being akin to the [[Thai language|Thai]] ''[[Thai nobility|Phra]]''), followed by the name of the land they were entrusted with: for example, a sister of the king [[Hayam Wuruk]] ({{reign}} 1350–1389) was "Bhre Lasem", "lady of [[Lasem]]". This system was similar to the [[Apanage]] system in Western Europe.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

[[Sultan Agung]], king of [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]] in [[Central Java]] ({{reign}} 1613–1645), would entrust the administration of territories he gradually conquered all over the island of Java, to officials bearing the title of ''Adipati'', this title is hereditary. Such territories were called ''Kadipaten''. Prior to the unification of Java by Sultan Agung, independent ''kadipaten''s also exist, e.g. the [[Duchy of Surabaya]] which was [[Mataram conquest of Surabaya|conquered]] by Agung in 1625.

The [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]] (Dutch East Indies Company), while gradually taking control of Javanese territory, would maintain the existing Mataram administrative structure. ''Adipati'' were called "''[[regent]]en''" in Dutch,{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} and the territories they administered, "''[[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|regentschappen]]''".

In the 19th century, the Javanese term for 'regent' was ''bupati''. French traveller Gérard Louis Domeny de Rienzi mentions ''bapati''.<ref>Grégoire Louis Domeny de Rienzi, ''Océanie ou cinquième partie du monde : revue géographique et ethnographique de la Malaisie, de la Micronésie, de la Polynésie et de la Mélanésie, ainsi que ses nouvelles classifications et divisions de ces contrées'', Firmin Didot Frères, Paris, 1834</ref>

The ''bupati'' have been maintained in the modern Indonesian administrative subdivision structure, heading a ''[[Regency (Indonesia)|kabupaten]]'', the subdivision of a ''[[provinces of Indonesia|provinsi]]'' or province.

The word ''Adipati'' is still found in the official title of the hereditary dukes [[Mangkunegaran Palace|Mangkunegara]] of [[Surakarta]] and [[Pakualaman|Paku Alam]] of [[Yogyakarta]]—i.e., ''Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Arya'' (shortened into KGPAA).

===Nigeria===
In the [[Kingdom of Benin]], a [[viceroyal]] [[Nigerian chieftaincy|chieftain]] that is known as an ''Enogie'' in the [[Edo language]] is usually referred to as a duke in English. Often a cadet of the dynasty that produces the [[oba of Benin]], the enogie is expected to rule his domain as he sees fit, subject to the approval of the oba.

In [[Ife]], [[Oyo Empire|Oyo]] and the other kingdoms of Nigerian [[Yorubaland]], a viceroyal chieftain is known as a ''[[Baale (title)|Baale]]'' in the [[Yoruba language]]. He is barred from wearing a crown as a matter of tradition and is generally seen as the reigning representative of his [[Oba (ruler)|oba]], the monarch who has the right to wear one.

=== Myanmar ===

In Myanmar (Burma), since the [[Bagan|Pagan]] era of 11th century, each and every single one of the royal family received the title of ''Myosa'' (also ''Myoza''), literally means chief of town or territory, which is equivalent to the title of Duke. All royals were given the honor to possess at least one territory by the King. They all were mostly called by their possessions. For instance, Burma's last king, [[King Thibaw]] was called by his possession, when he was a prince, of a town Thibaw (Hsipaw in [[Shan State]]).<ref>{{cite book |title=United States Congressional Serial Set |year=1977 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2i08AQAAMAAJ&q=myosa+duke&pg=RA10-PA39 |language=en}}{{pb}}{{cite book |last1=Murdoch |first1=William Gordon Burn |title=From Edinburgh to India & Burmah |year=1908 |publisher=G. Routledge & sons Limited |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxEPAAAAYAAJ&q=myosa+duke |language=en}}{{pb}}{{cite book |last1=Center |first1=Duke University Commonwealth-Studies |title=Publication |year=1966 |publisher=Duke University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ARM8AAAAIAAJ&q=myosa+duke |language=en}}{{pb}}{{cite book |title=Mranʻ mā samuiṅʻʺ sutesana cā coṅʻ |year=2001 |publisher=Samuiṅʻʺ Sutesana nhaṅʻʹ ʼA myuiʺ sāʺ Cā kraññʻʹ Tuikʻ Ūʺ cīʺ Ṭhāna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_HPuuRb20kC&q=myosa+duke |language=en}}</ref>