Editing Concorde (section)

===Environmental===
Before Concorde's flight trials, developments in the civil aviation industry were largely accepted by governments and their respective electorates. Opposition to Concorde's noise, particularly on the east coast of the United States,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918012,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826161505/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918012,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 August 2009 |title=Here Comes the Concorde, Maybe |magazine=Time |access-date=30 June 2011 |date=16 February 1976}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jalc42&div=28&id=&page= |title=Legal and Environmental ramifications of the Concorde |journal=Journal of Air Law and Commerce |volume=42 |page=433 |first=Robert M. |last=Allen |publisher=J. Air L. & Com. |access-date=30 June 2011 |year=1976 |archive-date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611171447/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fjalc42&div=28&id=&page= |url-status=live}}</ref> forged a new political agenda on both sides of the Atlantic, with scientists and technology experts across a multitude of industries beginning to take the environmental and social impact more seriously.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=N7422661AH&q=Concorde+noise&uid=788872723&setcookie=yes |title=Recent studies into Concorde noise reduction |author=Hock, R. |author2=R. Hawkins |journal=AGARD Noise Mech |date=1974 |page=14 |access-date=30 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011050826/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=TRD&recid=N7422661AH&q=Concorde+noise&uid=788872723&setcookie=yes |archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/jalc43&div=45&id=&page= |title=Aircraft Noise: Federal pre-emption of Local Control, Concorde and other recent cases |first=Joshua A. |last=Muss |journal=J. Air L. & Com. |volume=43 |page=753 |date=1977 |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=8 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608195914/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fjalc43&div=45&id=&page= |url-status=live}}</ref> Although Concorde led directly to the introduction of a general noise abatement programme for aircraft flying out of John F. Kennedy Airport, many found that Concorde was quieter than expected,<ref name=nova /> partly due to the pilots temporarily throttling back their engines to reduce noise during overflight of residential areas.{{sfn|Endres|2001|p=90}} Even before commercial flights started, it had been claimed that Concorde was quieter than many other aircraft.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1108/eb035013 |title=Reducing noise with type 28 nozzle |journal=Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology |year=1973 |volume=45 |issue=4 |page=14}}</ref> In 1971, BAC's technical director stated, "It is certain on present evidence and calculations that in the airport context, production Concordes will be no worse than aircraft now in service and will in fact be better than many of them."<ref>''Aviation Daily'', 18 February 1971, p. 263</ref>

Concorde produced nitrogen oxides in its exhaust, which, despite complicated interactions with other [[Ozone depletion|ozone-depleting]] chemicals, are understood to result in degradation to the [[ozone layer]] at the [[stratosphere|stratospheric]] altitudes it cruised.<ref name='emissions'>{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.270.5233.70 |title=Emission Measurements of the Concorde Supersonic Aircraft in the Lower Stratosphere |author=Fahey, D. W. |journal=Science |year=1995 |volume=270 |page=70 |issue=5233 |bibcode=1995Sci...270...70F |s2cid=97881119 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> It has been pointed out that other, lower-flying, airliners produce ozone during their flights in the troposphere, but vertical transit of gases between the layers is restricted. The small fleet meant overall ozone-layer degradation caused by Concorde was negligible.<ref name='emissions' /> In 1995, David Fahey, of the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] in the United States, warned that a fleet of 500 supersonic aircraft with exhausts similar to Concorde might produce a 2 per cent drop in global ozone levels, much higher than previously thought. Each 1 per cent drop in ozone is estimated to increase the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer worldwide by 2 per cent. Dr Fahey said if these particles are produced by highly oxidised sulphur in the fuel, as he believed, then removing sulphur in the fuel will reduce the ozone-destroying impact of supersonic transport.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1995/10/08/increase-in-supersonic-jets-could-be-threat-to-ozone-u-2-plane-trails-concorde-studies-exhaust-particles/|title=Increase in supersonic jets could be threat to ozone|newspaper=The Baltimore Sun|date=8 October 1995|author=Newsday|access-date=24 August 2012|archive-date=1 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901085907/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1995-10-08/news/1995281022_1_ozone-sulfur-exhaust-particles|url-status=live}}</ref>

Concorde's technical leap forward boosted the public's understanding of conflicts between technology and the environment as well as awareness of the complex decision analysis processes that surround such conflicts.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/cjel5&div=9&id=&page= |title=Decision Analysis in Environmental Decisionmaking: Improving the Concorde Balance |journal=Columbia Journal of Environmental Law |volume=5 |page=156 |first=Jon |last=Anderson |publisher=HeinOnline |date=1978 |access-date=30 June 2011 |archive-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902184900/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals%2Fcjel5&div=9&id=&page= |url-status=live}}</ref> In France, the use of [[noise barrier|acoustic fencing]] alongside [[TGV]] tracks might not have been achieved without the 1970s controversy over aircraft noise.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://esemag.com/archives/essay-train-a-grande-vitesse-causes-distress/ |title=Train à grande vitesse causes distress |date=November 2001 |work=Environmental Science and Engineering Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119214555/https://esemag.com/archives/essay-train-a-grande-vitesse-causes-distress/|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the UK, the [[Campaign to Protect Rural England|CPRE]] has issued [[Tranquillity#Mapping tranquillity|tranquillity maps]] since 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps |title=National and regional tranquillity maps |publisher=Campaign to Protect Rural England |access-date=25 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914025157/http://www.cpre.org.uk/campaigns/landscape/tranquillity/national-and-regional-tranquillity-maps |archive-date=14 September 2010}}</ref>