Editing Columbia University (section)

=== Faculty ===
As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the [[National Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search Results - Columbia University |url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/search.jsp?query=Columbia+University&includeSubfolders=true&folderID=362872209&typeID=934380820&page=1|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=National Academy of Sciences }}</ref> 178 members of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Directory - Columbia University |url=https://www.amacad.org/directory?field_affiliation=Columbia%20University&field_class_section=All&field_class_section_1=All&field_deceased=1&sort_bef_combine=field_election_year_DESC&sort_by=field_election_year&sort_order=DESC|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=American Academy of Arts and Sciences }}</ref> and 65 members of the [[National Academy of Medicine]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directory|url=https://nam.edu/directory/|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=National Academy of Medicine|language=en-US}}</ref> In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 [[Nobel Prize|Nobel laureates]], 12 [[National Medal of Science]] recipients,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Search Results {{!}} NSF – National Science Foundation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/results.jsp|access-date=July 2, 2021|website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> and 32 [[National Academy of Engineering]] members.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members Directory|url=https://nae.edu/20412/MemberDirectory|access-date=July 2, 2021|website=NAE Website}}</ref>

Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during [[World War II]] and the creation of the [[New Deal]] under President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who attended Columbia Law School. The three core members of Roosevelt's [[Brain trust#Roosevelt's "Brain Trust"|Brain Trust]]: [[Adolf A. Berle]], [[Raymond Moley]], and [[Rexford Tugwell]], were law professors at Columbia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Brain Trust {{!}} United States history|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Brain-Trust|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> The [[The Statistical Research Group of World War II|Statistical Research Group]], which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including [[George Stigler]] and [[Milton Friedman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=CHAPTER 35 – The Statistical Research Group of World War II – The Flaw of Averages: Why We Underestimate Risk in the Face of Uncertainty [Book]|url=https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/the-flaw-of/9780470488126/sava_9780470488126_oeb_c35_r1.html|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=www.oreilly.com|language=en}}</ref> Columbia faculty and researchers, including [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Leo Szilard]], [[Eugene T. Booth]], [[John R. Dunning]], [[George B. Pegram]], [[Walter Zinn]], [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], [[Francis G. Slack]], [[Harold Urey]], [[Herbert L. Anderson]], and [[Isidor Isaac Rabi]], also played a significant role during the early phases of the [[Manhattan Project]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Columbia University|url=https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/location/columbia-university|access-date=June 29, 2021|website=www.manhattanprojectvoices.org|language=en}}</ref>

Following the rise of [[Nazi Germany]], the exiled [[University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research|Institute for Social Research]] at [[Goethe University Frankfurt]] would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Frankfurt School {{!}} History, Features, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Frankfurt-School|access-date=July 10, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> It was during this period that thinkers including [[Theodor W. Adorno|Theodor Adorno]], [[Max Horkheimer]], and [[Herbert Marcuse]] wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the [[Frankfurt School]], including ''[[Reason and Revolution]]'', ''[[Dialectic of Enlightenment]]'', and [[Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer)|''Eclipse of Reason'']].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Corradetti|first=Claudio|title=Frankfurt School and Critical Theory {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/frankfur/|access-date=July 10, 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> Professors [[Edward Said]], author of [[Orientalism (book)|''Orientalism'']], and [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|Gayatri Spivak]] are generally considered as founders of the field of [[postcolonialism]];<ref>Robert Young, ''White Mythologies: Writing History and the West'', New York & London: Routledge, 1990.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Paulson|first=Steve|date=July 29, 2016|title=Critical Intimacy: An Interview with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/critical-intimacy-interview-gayatri-chakravorty-spivak/|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=Los Angeles Review of Books|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174334/https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/critical-intimacy-interview-gayatri-chakravorty-spivak/ |archive-date=October 26, 2016 }}</ref> other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include [[Hamid Dabashi]] and [[Joseph Massad]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 28, 2018|title=Hamid Dabashi|url=https://mesaas.columbia.edu/faculty-directory/hamid-dabashi/|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=MESAAS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=September 28, 2018|title=Joseph Massad|url=https://mesaas.columbia.edu/faculty-directory/joseph-massad/|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=MESAAS|language=en-US}}</ref> The works of professors [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]], [[Patricia J. Williams]], and [[Kendall Thomas]] were foundational to the field of [[critical race theory]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=What Is Critical Race Theory, and Why Is Everyone Talking About It?|url=https://news.columbia.edu/news/what-critical-race-theory-and-why-everyone-talking-about-it-0|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=Columbia News|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701142314/https://news.columbia.edu/news/what-critical-race-theory-and-why-everyone-talking-about-it-0 |archive-date=July 1, 2021 }}</ref>

Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion. The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of [[liberal Christianity]] in the United States, having served as the birthplace of [[Black theology]] through the efforts of faculty including [[James H. Cone]] and [[Cornel West]],<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=April 28, 2018 |title=In Memoriam: Dr. James Hal Cone |url=https://utsnyc.edu/james-cone/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Union Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cornel West |url=https://utsnyc.edu/faculty/cornel-west/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Union Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Womanist theology]], through the works of [[Katie Cannon]], [[Emilie Townes]], and [[Delores S. Williams]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=September 15, 2018 |title=In Memoriam: The Rev. Dr. Katie Geneva Cannon |url=https://utsnyc.edu/memoriam-cannon/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Union Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |last2= |last3= |first3= |title=Emilie Townes named dean of Vanderbilt Divinity School |url=https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2012/12/28/emilie-townes-named-dean-of-vanderbilt-divinity-school/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Vanderbilt University |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Faculty Emeriti/ae |url=https://utsnyc.edu/academics/faculty/emeritus/ |access-date=August 13, 2022 |website=Union Theological Seminary |language=en-US}}</ref> Likewise, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of [[Conservative Judaism]] movement in the United States, which was founded and led by faculty members including [[Solomon Schechter]], [[Alexander Kohut]], and [[Louis Ginzberg]] in the early 20th century, and is a major center for Jewish studies in general.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Elazar |first1=Daniel J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Lg6BmMTZGIC |title=The Conservative Movement in Judaism: Dilemmas and Opportunities |last2=Geffen |first2=Rela Mintz |date=February 1, 2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-9202-4 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref>

Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the [[Dunning School]], founded by [[William Archibald Dunning]];<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/how-radical-change-occurs-interview-historian-eric-foner/ |title="How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner" by Mike Konczal, February 3, 2015 |access-date=January 13, 2022 |archive-date=December 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222004741/https://www.thenation.com/article/how-radical-change-occurs-interview-historian-eric-foner/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="SmithLoweryxi2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZL5fjiAqSgC&q=Jim+Crow+system&pg=PT11|title=The Dunning School: Historians, Race, and the Meaning of Reconstruction|date=October 18, 2013|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|isbn=978-0-8131-4225-8|editor1-last=Smith|editor1-first=John David|editor1-link=John David Smith (historian)|location=Lexington, KY|page=xi|access-date=August 3, 2017|editor2-last=Lowery|editor2-first=J. Vincent|editor2-link=J. Vincent Lowery}}</ref> the anthropological schools of [[historical particularism]] and [[cultural relativism]], founded by [[Franz Boas]];<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tax|first=Sol|date=December 18, 2021|title=Franz Boas|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Boas|url-status=live|access-date=January 13, 2022|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617095732/https://www.britannica.com:80/biography/Franz-Boas |archive-date=June 17, 2015 }}</ref> and [[functional psychology]], whose founders and proponents include [[John Dewey]], [[James McKeen Cattell]], [[Edward L. Thorndike]], and [[Robert S. Woodworth]].<ref>Leahey, Thomas Hardy (2004). ''A History of Psychology: Main Currents in psychological thought''. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. {{ISBN|0-13-111447-6}}.</ref> 

Notable figures that have served as the [[president of Columbia University]] include [[List of presidents of the United States|34th]] [[President of the United States]] [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[List of vice presidents of the United States|4th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]], [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]] and [[United States Senate|U.S. Senator]] from Connecticut [[William Samuel Johnson]], [[Nobel Peace Prize]] laureate [[Nicholas Murray Butler]], and [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] scholar [[Lee Bollinger]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Columbia University President Profiles |url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/cuarchives/presidents.html|access-date=June 18, 2021|website=Columbia University Libraries }}</ref>

Notable Columbia University faculty include [[Zbigniew Brzezinski]], [[Sonia Sotomayor]], [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]], [[Lee Bollinger]], [[Franz Boas]], [[Margaret Mead]], [[Edward Sapir]], [[John Dewey]], [[Charles A. Beard]], [[Max Horkheimer]], [[Herbert Marcuse]], [[Edward Said]], [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]], [[Orhan Pamuk]], [[Edwin Howard Armstrong]], [[Enrico Fermi]], [[Chien-Shiung Wu]], [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], [[Jack Steinberger]], [[Joachim Frank]], [[Joseph Stiglitz]], [[Jeffrey Sachs]], [[Robert Mundell]], [[Thomas Hunt Morgan]], [[Eric Kandel]], [[Richard Axel]], and [[Andrei Okounkov]].