Editing Antisemitism in Islam (section)

====Forced migrations of Jews and Assyrian Christians between 1842 and the 21st century====
{{Further|Antisemitism in Turkey|Christianity in the Middle East|Christianity in the Ottoman Empire|Christianity in Turkey|Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire|History of the Jews in Turkey|Late Ottoman genocides|Jewish exodus from the Muslim world|Persecution of Christians|Persecution of Jews#Muslim world|Racism and discrimination in Turkey}}

In his recent PhD thesis<ref>Mordechai Zaken, "Tribal chieftains and their Jewish Subjects: A comparative Study in Survival": PhD Thesis, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 2004.</ref> and his recent book<ref>Mordechai Zaken, [https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ_bGJhOXxoC "Jewish Subjects and their tribal chieftains in Kurdistan: A Study in Survival"], Brill: Leiden and Boston, 2007 ISBN .</ref> the Israeli scholar Mordechai Zaken discussed the history of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrian Christians]] of Turkey and Iraq (in the Kurdish vicinity) during the last 90 years, from 1843 onwards. In his studies Zaken outlines three major eruptions that took place between 1843 and 1933 during which the Assyrian Christians lost their land and hegemony in their habitat in the Hakkārī (or Julamerk) region in southeastern Turkey and became refugees in other lands, notably Iran and Iraq, and they ultimately established exiled communities in European and western countries (the US, Canada, Australia, New-Zealand, Sweden, France, to mention some of these countries). Mordechai Zaken wrote this study from an analytical and comparative point of view, comparing the Assyrian Christians' experience with the experience of the [[History of the Jews in Kurdistan|Kurdish Jews]] who had been dwelling in [[Kurdistan]] for two thousand years or so, but were forced to emigrate to Israel in the early 1950s. The Jews of Kurdistan were forced to leave as a result of the Arab-Israeli war, as a result of increasing hostility and acts of violence which were committed against Jews in Iraqi and Kurdish towns and villages, and as a result of a new situation that developed during the 1940s in Iraq and Kurdistan in which the ability of Jews to live in relative comfort and tolerance (that was disrupted from time to time prior to that period) with their Arab and Muslim neighbors, as they had done for many years, practically came to an end. In the end, the Jews of Kurdistan had to leave their Kurdish habitat en masse and migrate into Israel. The Assyrian Christians, on the other hand, suffered a similar fate but they migrated in stages following each political crisis with the regime in whose boundaries they lived or following each conflict with their Muslim, Turkish, or Arab neighbors, or following the departure or expulsion of their patriarch Mar Shimon in 1933, first to Cyprus and then to the United States. Consequently, although there is still a small and fragile community of Assyrians in Iraq, today, millions of Assyrian Christians live in exiled and prosperous communities in the west.<ref>Joyce Blau, one of the world's leading scholars of [[Kurdish culture]], [[Kurdish languages|languages]] and [[History of the Kurds|history]], suggested, "This part of Mr. Zaken's thesis, concerning Jewish life in Iraqi Kurdistan, well complements the impressive work of the pioneer ethnologist Erich Brauer. Brauer was indeed one of the most skilled ethnographs of the first half of the 20th century and wrote an important book on the Jews of Kurdistan." (Erich Brauer, ''The Jews of Kurdistan'', first edition 1940, revised edition 1993, completed and edited by Raphael Patai, Wayne State University Press, Detroit)</ref>

=====Iran=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Iran}}
{{Further|Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran}}
Although Iran was officially neutral during the Second World War, [[Reza Shah]] sympathized with Nazi Germany, making the Jewish community fearful of possible persecutions.<ref name="sanasarian2">Sanasarian (2000), p. 46.</ref> Although these fears did not materialise, anti-Jewish articles were published in the Iranian media. Following the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] in 1941, [[Reza Shah]] was deposed and replaced by his son [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]].

However, [[Kaveh Farrokh]] argues that there is a misconception that antisemitism was widespread in [[Iran]] with Reza Shah in power.<ref name=Farrokh>{{cite book|last=Farrokh|first=Kaveh|title=Iran at War|year=2011|publisher=Oxford: Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84603-491-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUHhTPdJ6yIC}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After the [[Fall of France]] during the time that [[Reza Shah]] was still regent, the head of the Iranian legation in [[Paris]], [[Abdol Hossein Sardari]], used his influence with Nazi contacts to gain exemptions from Nazi race laws for an estimated 2000 [[Iranian Jews]] living in Paris at the time. The legation also issued Iranian travel documents for the Iranian Jews and their non-Iranian family members to facilitate travel through Nazi occupied Europe to safety.<ref name=BBC_Iranian_Schindler>{{cite news|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|title=The 'Iranian Schindler' who saved Jews from the Nazis|year=2012|publisher=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16190541}}</ref>

=====Egypt=====
{{Main|History of the Jews in Egypt}}
In [[Egypt]], [[Ahmad Husayn]] founded the [[Young Egypt Party (1933)|Young Egypt Party]] in 1933. He immediately expressed his sympathy for [[Nazi Germany]] to the German ambassador to Egypt. Husayn sent a delegation to the [[Nuremberg rally]] and returned with enthusiasm. After the [[Sudeten Crisis]], the party's leaders denounced Germany for aggression against small nations, but they retained elements which were similar to those of [[Nazism]] or [[Fascism]], e.g. salutes, torchlight parades, leader worship, and antisemitism and [[racism]]. The party's impact before 1939 was minimal, and its espionage efforts were of little value to the Germans.<ref>Lewis (1999) pp. 148–149.</ref>

During World War II, [[Cairo]] was a haven for agents and spies throughout the war. [[Egyptian nationalism|Egyptian nationalists]] were active, with many Egyptians, including [[Farouk of Egypt]] and prime minister [[Ali Mahir Pasha]], all of whom hoped for an Axis victory, and the complete severance of Egyptian ties with Britain.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History |last=Tucker |first=Spencer |year=2005 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-999-7 |page=477 }}</ref>