Editing World's Columbian Exposition (section)

== Notable firsts ==

=== Concepts ===
[[File:Mammoth and Giant Octopus.jpg|thumb|Mammoth and Giant Octopus, display at the Columbian World's Fair, 1893]]

* [[Frederick Jackson Turner]] lectured on his [[Frontier thesis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Frederick Jackson Turner|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/turner.htm|work=Pbs.com|publisher=PBS|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140217010045/http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/turner.htm|archive-date=2014-02-17|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Pledge of Allegiance (United States)|Pledge of Allegiance]] was first performed at the exposition by a mass of school children lined up in military fashion.<ref>{{cite book |last=Giddings |first=Paula |url=https://archive.org/details/idaswordamonglio0000gidd/page/270/mode/2up |title=Ida: A Sword Among Lions |date=2008 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-051921-6 |page=270 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
* Contribution to Chicago's nickname, the "[[Windy City (nickname)|Windy City]]".  Some argue that [[Charles Anderson Dana]] of the ''[[New York Sun (historical)|New York Sun]]'' coined the term related to the hype of the city's promoters. Other evidence, however, suggests the term was used as early as 1881 in relation to either Chicago's "windbag" politicians or to its weather.<ref name=devil />

=== Commemorations ===
* [[United States Mint]] offered its first commemorative coins: the [[Columbian Exposition quarter dollar]] and [[Columbian Exposition half dollar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Commemoratives from 1892 to 1954|url=http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/commemoratives/?action=premodern|work=The United States Mint.gov|access-date=20 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227074752/http://www.usmint.gov/mint_programs/commemoratives/?action=premodern|archive-date=2014-02-27|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[United States Post Office Department]] produced its first picture [[postcard]]s and [[Columbian Issue|Columbian Issue commemorative stamps]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Columbian Exposition and the Nation's First Commemorative Stamps|url=http://www.postalmuseum.si.edu/ColumbianExposition/index.html|work=National Postal Museum|access-date=27 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205928/http://postalmuseum.si.edu/ColumbianExposition/index.html|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Edibles and potables ===
* [[Cream of Wheat]]
* The [[Chocolate brownie|brownie]] was invented by [[Bertha Palmer]] for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.<ref name="Brownie">{{cite web|url=https://drloihjournal.blogspot.com/2018/09/first-ever-brownie-invented-in-chicago-by-bertha-palmer-for-1893-worlds-columbian-exposition.html|title=The Digital Research Library of Illinois History Journal™: The First-Ever Brownie was invented in Chicago by Bertha Palmer for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition.|date=September 14, 2018}}</ref>
* [[Milton Hershey]] bought a European exhibitor's chocolate manufacturing equipment and added chocolate products to his caramel manufacturing business.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}}
* [[Juicy Fruit]] gum<ref name="lib.uchicago.edu">{{cite web |title=The Wrigley Spearman at Work and Play |url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/sweet-home-chicago/history-chocolate-and-candy-making-chicago/wrigley-spearmen-work-and-play/ |website=University of Chicago Library |access-date=19 June 2021}}</ref>
* [[Quaker Oats]]<ref name="lib.uchicago.edu" />
* [[Shredded Wheat]]<ref name="Hill 73–74">{{cite book|last=Hill|first=Genna|title=The 2011 Chicago North Side Real Estate Guide: Bucktown, Wicker Park, Lincoln Park, Lake View, Gold Coast, Streeterville. Andersonville, Wrigleyville, Ravenswood and More|date=Sep 24, 2010|publisher=Wexford House Books|pages=73–74}}</ref>
* [[Pabst Blue Ribbon]]<ref name="devil" />
* [[Peanut butter]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Simpson |first1=Shawne |title=Peanut butter, anybody? |url=https://www.iter.org/newsline/232/1259 |website=ITER |date=July 20, 2012 |access-date=31 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Aunt Jemima]] pancake mix was widely popularized by spokesperson [[Nancy Green]]'s pancake cooking and story telling performances.<ref>{{cite book |last=Giddings |first=Paula |date=2008 |title=Ida: A Sword Among Lions |publisher=HarperCollins |page=273 |isbn=978-0-06-051921-6}}</ref>
* [[Cracker Jack]]'s new recipe was introduced at the Exposition
* The patented steam-powered [[popcorn]] cart was introduced by [[Cretors]]
* [[Vienna Sausage]] started selling its frankfurters and sausages near one of the entrances to the Midway Plaisance, just outside the Old Vienna Village. The company later became known as [[Vienna Beef]], famously recognized as "Chicago's Hot Dog".<ref>Chicago's Greatest Year – 1893 by Joseph Gustaitis pp. 210–213</ref>

=== Inventions and manufacturing advances ===
[[File:PSM V44 D054 An electric kitchen.jpg|thumb|Electric kitchen]]

* A device that made plates for printing books in [[Braille]], unveiled by [[List of people from Jacksonville, Illinois#Authors and academics|Frank Haven Hall]], who met [[Helen Keller]] and her teacher [[Anne Sullivan]] at the exhibit.<ref name=devil />
* [[Moving walkway]], or travelator
* The [[third rail]] giving electric power to elevated trains led directly to its first continuing US use.<ref name="test">''The Chicago "L"'' by Greg Borzo</ref>
* The "clasp locker", a clumsy slide fastener and forerunner to the [[zipper]] was demonstrated by [[Whitcomb L. Judson]]
* [[Elongated coin]]s (the squashed penny)
* [[Ferris Wheel (1893)|Ferris Wheel]]
* First fully electrical kitchen including an automatic dishwasher<ref name=devil />
* Phosphorescent lamps (a precursor to [[fluorescent lamps]])<ref name=devil />
* [[John T. Shayne & Company]], the local Chicago furrier helped America gain respect on the world stage of manufacturing
* [[Clark cell]] as a standard for measuring [[volt]]age
* A first prototype of a [[Aerosol spray|pressurized aerosol spray]], by [[Francis Davis Millet]].
* The first practical [[Electric car|electric automobile]], invented by [[William Morrison (chemist)|William Morrison]].

=== Organizations ===
* Congress of Mathematicians, precursor to [[International Congress of Mathematicians]]<ref>{{cite book|editor=Case, Bettye Anne|editor-link=Bettye Anne Case|title=A Century of Mathematical Meetings|chapter=''Come to the Fair: The Chicago Mathematical Congress of 1893'' by David E. Rowe and Karen Hunger Parshall|year=1996|publisher=[[American Mathematical Society]]|page=65|isbn=978-0-8218-0465-0|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnkYqxyWGz8C&pg=PA65}}</ref>
* [[Interfaith dialogue]] (the [[Parliament of the World's Religions]])
** First recorded public mention of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] in North America<ref name="Baháʼí-mentions" />

=== Performances ===
* The poet and humorist [[Benjamin Franklin King, Jr.]] first performed at the exposition.
* Bodybuilder [[Eugen Sandow]] demonstrated feats of strength, promoted by [[Florenz Ziegfeld Jr.|Florenz Ziegfeld]].
* Magician [[Harry Houdini]] and his brother [[Theodore Hardeen|Theodore]] performed their magic act at the Midway.