Editing Wheat (section)

== Genomics ==

=== Decoding the genome ===

In 2010, 95% of the genome of Chinese Spring line 42 wheat was decoded.<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council|url=http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/food-security/2010/100827-pr-uk-researchers-release-draft-wheat-genome.aspx|title= UK researchers release draft sequence coverage of wheat genome |date=27 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611082525/http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/news/food-security/2010/100827-pr-uk-researchers-release-draft-wheat-genome.aspx|archive-date=11 June 2011 }}</ref> This genome was released in a basic format for scientists and plant breeders to use but was not fully annotated.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Publications/1102_wheat_genome_case_study.pdf |title=UK scientists publish draft sequence coverage of wheat genome|publisher= Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council |access-date=15 July 2011 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110715204254/http://www.bbsrc.ac.uk/web/FILES/Publications/1102_wheat_genome_case_study.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2012, an essentially complete gene set of bread wheat was published.<ref name="Hall-2012">{{cite journal |last=Hall |title=Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=491 |issue=7426 |doi=10.1038/nature11650 |pmid=23192148 |year=2012 |pages=705–10|pmc=3510651 |bibcode=2012Natur.491..705B }}</ref> [[Shotgun sequencing|Random shotgun libraries]] of total DNA and cDNA from the ''T. aestivum'' cv. Chinese Spring (CS42) were sequenced to generate 85 Gb of sequence (220&nbsp;million reads) and identified between 94,000 and 96,000 genes.<ref name="Hall-2012"/> In 2018, a more complete Chinese Spring genome was released by a different team.<ref name="UniSaskatchewan-2018">{{cite web |title=U of S crop scientists help crack the wheat genome code |publisher=[[University of Saskatchewan]], Canada |date=16 August 2018 |url=https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2018/u-of-s-crop-scientists-help-crack-the-wheat-genome-code-.php |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> In 2020, 15 genome sequences from various locations and varieties around the world were reported, with examples of their own use of the sequences to localize particular insect and disease resistance factors.<ref name="UniSaskatchewan-2020">{{cite web |title=Landmark study generates first genomic atlas for global wheat improvement |publisher=University of Saskatchewan |date=25 November 2020 |url=http://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2020/landmark-study-generates-first-genomic-atlas-for-global-wheat-improvement.php |access-date=22 December 2020}}</ref> {{Visible anchor|Wheat Blast Resistance}} is controlled by [[R gene]]s which are highly race-specific.<ref name="Kumar-2020"/>

=== Genetic engineering ===

For decades, the primary [[Genetically modified wheat|genetic modification]] technique has been [[non-homologous end joining]] (NHEJ). However, since its introduction, the [[CRISPR/Cas9|{{visible anchor|CRISPR}}/{{visible anchor|Cas9}}]] tool has been extensively adopted, for example:
* To intentionally damage three [[homolog]]s of ''TaNP1'' (a [[glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family|glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase]] gene) to produce a novel [[male sterility]] trait, by Li et al. 2020<ref name="Li-2021">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Shaoya |last2=Zhang |first2=Chen |last3=Li |first3=Jingying |last4=Yan |first4=Lei |last5=Wang |first5=Ning |last6=Xia |first6=Lanqin |title=Present and future prospects for wheat improvement through genome editing and advanced technologies |journal=Plant Communications |publisher=Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences and Chinese Society for Plant Biology (Cell Press) |volume=2 |issue=4 |year=2021 |doi=10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100211 |page=100211 |pmid=34327324 |pmc=8299080 |bibcode=2021PlCom...200211L }}</ref>
* [[Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici resistance|''Blumeria graminis'' f.sp. ''tritici'' resistance]] has been produced by Shan et al. 2013 and Wang et al. 2014 by editing one of the [[mildew resistance locus o]] genes (more specifically one of the ''[[TaMLO|Triticum aestivum MLO (TaMLO)]]'' genes)<ref name="Li-2021" />
* ''Triticum aestivum EDR1 (TaEDR1)'' (the ''EDR1'' gene, which inhibits ''Bmt'' resistance) has been [[gene knockout|knocked out]] by Zhang et al. 2017 to improve that resistance<ref name="Li-2021" />
* ''Triticum aestivum HRC (TaHRC)'' has been disabled by Su et al. 2019 thus producing [[Gibberella zeae resistance|''Gibberella zeae'' resistance]].<ref name="Li-2021" />
* ''Triticum aestivum Ms1 (TaMs1)'' has been knocked out by Okada et al. 2019 to produce another novel male sterility<ref name="Li-2021" />
* and ''[[TaALS|Triticum aestivum acetolactate synthase (TaALS)]]'' and ''[[TaACC|Triticum aestivum acetyl-CoA-carboxylase (TaACC)]]'' were subjected to base changes by Zhang et al. 2019 (in two publications) to confer [[herbicide resistance]] to [[ALS inhibitor]]s and [[ACCase inhibitor]]s respectively<ref name="Li-2021" />

{{As of|2021}} these examples illustrate the rapid deployment and results that CRISPR/Cas9 has shown in wheat disease resistance improvement.<ref name="Li-2021" />