Editing Turkish language (section)

== Vocabulary ==
{{main|Turkish vocabulary}}Latest 2011 edition of ''Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'' (''Current Turkish Dictionary''), the official dictionary of the Turkish language published by Turkish Language Association, contains 117,000 words organized into 93,000 entries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/2011-turkce-sozluk-yenileniyor-40100532 |title=2011 Türkçe Sözlük yenileniyor |language=tr |publisher=Hürriyet |access-date=2016-05-07 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206031035/https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/2011-turkce-sozluk-yenileniyor-40100532 |archive-date=2022-12-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F|title=Güncel Türkçe Sözlük|access-date=2007-03-21|year=2005|publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312162345/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EFB40CE59E171C629F <!--Added by H3llBot-->|archive-date=2007-03-12|language=tr}}</ref>

=== Word origins ===
{{Pie chart
| caption = Origins of the Turkish vocabulary<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Çiçek |title=TÜRKÇENİN SON YÜZYILDAKİ DEĞİŞİM SÜRECİ ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME |journal=Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi |date=2011 |page=165 |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/67837}}</ref>
| value1 = 86.59
| label1 = [[Turkic languages]]
| color1 = #DC143C
| value2 = 5.81
| label2 = [[Arabic]]
| color2 = #8B0000
| value3 = 4.73
| label3 = [[French language|French]]
| color3 = #B22222
| value4 = 1.22
| label4 = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| color4 = #FF0000
| value5 = 0.57
| label5 = [[Italian language|Italian]]
| color5 = #CD5C5C
| value6 = 0.43
| label6 = [[English language|English]]
| color6 = #F08080
| value7 = 0.36
| label7 = [[Greek language|Greek]]
| color7 = #FA8072
| value8 = 0.13
| label8 = [[Latin]]
| color8 = #E9967A
| other  = Other languages (less than 1 % each)
}}

Around 86% of the Turkish vocabulary is of [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] origin. The majority of the core vocabulary and the most commonly used words in Turkish, including those first acquired by children as they learn to speak, derive from Turkic. Nevertheless, Turkish vocabulary contains a significant number of loanwords from other languages, in which around 14% of Turkish words are of foreign origin. According to the [[Turkish Language Association]], 6,463 of these foreign words come from [[Arabic]], 4,974 from [[French language|French]], 1,374 from [[Persian language|Persian]], 632 from [[Italian language|Italian]], 538 from [[English language|English]], 399 from [[Greek language|Greek]], and 147 from [[Latin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Türk Dil Kurumu |title=Türkçe Sözlük |date=2005 |publisher=Türk Dil Kurumu |location=Ankara |edition=10 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929114554/http://www.tdk.gov.tr/TR/Genel/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF1A46C5FBFA979D0C}}</ref>

In Turkish, there are many pairs of [[synonyms]] where one word is of foreign origin and the other of Turkic origin. These pairs are the result of the enrichment of the Turkish vocabulary with loanwords from Arabic, Persian and French, and of the [[Turkish language reform|Turkish language reform]] initiated in the early 20th century that aimed to restore foreign-origin words with Turkic equivalents.<ref name=lewis2002>{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=Geoffrey|title=The Turkish Language Reform: A Catastrophic Success|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-19-925669-1}}</ref>

=== Word formation ===
Turkish extensively uses [[agglutination]] to [[Word formation|form new words]] from nouns and verbal stems. The majority of Turkish words originate from the application of derivative suffixes to a relatively small set of core vocabulary.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|title=Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar|last1=Goksel|first1=Asli|last2=Kerslake|first2=Celia|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=0-415-11494-2|pages=43–48}}</ref>

Turkish obeys certain principles when it comes to suffixation. Most suffixes in Turkish will have more than one form, depending on the vowels and consonants in the root- vowel harmony rules will apply; consonant-initial suffixes will follow the voiced/ voiceless character of the consonant in the final unit of the root; and in the case of vowel-initial suffixes an additional consonant may be inserted if the root ends in a vowel, or the suffix may lose its initial vowel. There is also a prescribed order of affixation of suffixes- as a rule of thumb, derivative suffixes precede inflectional suffixes which are followed by [[clitic]]s, as can be seen in the example set of words derived from a substantive root below:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''göz''
|''göz''
|eye
|Noun
|-
|''gözlük''
|''göz + -lük''
|eyeglasses
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçü''
|''göz + -lük + -çü''
|optician
|Noun
|-
|''gözlükçülük''
|''göz + -lük + -çü + -lük''
|optician's trade
|Noun
|-
|''gözlem''
|''göz + -lem''
|observation
|Noun
|-
|''gözlemci''
|''göz + -lem + -ci''
|observer
|Noun
|-
|''gözle-''
|''göz + -le''
|observe
|Verb (order)
|-
|''gözlemek''
|''göz + -le + -mek''
|to observe
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''gözetlemek''
|''göz + -et + -le + -mek''
|to peep
|Verb (infinitive)
|}

Another example, starting from a verbal root:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!Components
!English
!Word class
|-
|''yat-''
|''yat-''
|lie down
|Verb (order)
|-
|''yatmak''
|''yat-mak''
|to lie down
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''yatık''
|''yat- + -(ı)k''
|leaning
|Adjective
|-
|''yatak''
|''yat- + -ak''
|bed, place to sleep
|Noun
|-
|''yatay''
|''yat- + -ay''
|horizontal
|Adjective
|-
|''yatkın''
|''yat- + -gın''
|inclined to; stale (from lying too long)
|Adjective
|-
|''yatır-''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-''
|lay down
|Verb (order)
|-
|''yatırmak''
|''yat- + -(ı)r-mak''
|to lay down something/someone
|Verb (infinitive)
|-
|''yatırım''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m''
|laying down; deposit, investment
|Noun
|-
|''yatırımcı''
|''yat- + -(ı)r- + -(ı)m + -cı''
|depositor, investor
|Noun
|}

New words are also frequently formed by [[Compound (linguistics)|compounding]] two existing words into a new one, as in German. Compounds can be of two types- bare and {{lang|tr|(s)I}}. The bare compounds, both nouns and adjectives are effectively two words juxtaposed without the addition of suffixes for example the word for girlfriend {{lang|tr|kızarkadaş}} ({{lang|tr|kız+arkadaş}}) or black pepper {{lang|tr|karabiber}} ({{lang|tr|kara+biber}}). A few examples of compound words are given below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Literal meaning
|-
|''pazartesi''
|Monday
|''pazar'' ("Sunday") and ''ertesi'' ("after")
|after Sunday
|-
|''bilgisayar''
|computer
|''bilgi'' ("information") and ''say-'' ("to count")
|information counter
|-
|''gökdelen''
|skyscraper
|''gök'' ("sky") and ''del-'' ("to pierce")
|sky piercer
|-
|''başparmak''
|thumb
|''baş'' ("prime") and ''parmak'' ("finger")
|primary finger
|-
|''önyargı''
|prejudice
|''ön'' ("before") and ''yargı'' ("splitting; judgement")
|fore-judging
|}
However, the majority of compound words in Turkish are {{lang|tr|(s)I}} compounds, which means that the second word will be marked by the 3rd person possessive suffix. A few such examples are given in the table below (note [[vowel harmony]]):
{| class="wikitable"
!Turkish
!English
!Constituent words
!Possessive Suffix
|-
|''el çantası''
|handbag
|''el'' (hand) and ''çanta'' (bag)
|'''''+sı'''''
|-
|''masa örtüsü''
|tablecloth
|''masa'' (table) and ''örtü'' (cover)
|'''''+sü'''''
|-
|''çay bardağı''
|tea glass
|''çay'' (tea) and ''bardak'' (glass)
|'''''+ı''''' (the k changes to ğ)
|}