Editing Russia (section)

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Russia}}
{{Further|Economic history of the Russian Federation|Taxation in Russia}}
Russia has a [[World Bank high-income economy|high-income]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk |url=https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=datahelpdesk.worldbank.org}}</ref> industrialized,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100002206|title=Industrial countries|work=Oxford Reference|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=3 August 2024|quote="...and the countries of the former Soviet Union and Central and Eastern Europe, of which several, including Russia and the Czech Republic, are heavily industrialized."}}</ref> [[mixed economy|mixed]] [[Market economy|market-oriented]] economy following a [[Shock therapy (economics)|turbulent transition]] from the [[Planned economy|Soviet planned model]] during the 1990s.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=295–382|loc=The Economy}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rutland |first=Peter |title=Neoliberalism and the Russian Transition |journal=Review of International Political Economy |volume=20 |number=2 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2013 |pages=332–362 |doi=10.1080/09692290.2012.727844 |jstor=42003296}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Neil |title=August 1998 and the Development of Russia's Post-Communist Political Economy |journal=[[Review of International Political Economy]] |volume=16 |number=3 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2009 |pages=433–455 |doi=10.1080/09692290802418161 |jstor=27756169}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Charap |first=Samuel |title=No Obituaries Yet for Capitalism in Russia |journal=[[Current History]] |volume=108 |number=720 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=2009 |pages=333–338 |doi=10.1525/curh.2009.108.720.333 |jstor=45319724}}</ref> It has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|eleventh-largest economy]] by nominal GDP and the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|fourth-largest economy]] by GDP ([[purchasing power parity|PPP]]). {{As of|2023}}, the [[Tertiary sector of the economy|service sector]] accounts for roughly 57% of total GDP, followed by the [[industrial sector]] (30%), while the [[agricultural sector]] is the smallest, at 3% of total GDP.<ref name="cia"/> Russia's [[foreign exchange reserves]] are the [[List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves|fourth-largest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/mrrf/mrrf_7d/|title=International Reserves of the Russian Federation (End of period)|publisher=[[Central Bank of Russia]]|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004214/https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/mrrf/mrrf_7d/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has a labour force of about 73 million, which is the [[List of countries by labour force|eighth-largest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=RU |title=Labor force, total - Russian Federation |work=[[World Bank]] |access-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, Russia's [[List of the largest trading partners of Russia|largest trading partner]] by total import and export volume is China.<ref name="oec">{{cite web |url=https://oec.world/en/profile/country/rus |title=Russia (RUS) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |work=[[The Observatory of Economic Complexity]] |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref>
[[File:Business Centre of Moscow 2.jpg|thumb|The [[Moscow International Business Center|Moscow International Business Centre]] in Moscow. The city has one of the world's [[List of cities by GDP|largest urban economies]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Churkina|first1=Natalie|last2=Zaverskiy|first2=Sergey|title=Challenges of strong concentration in urbanization: the case of Moscow in Russia|doi=10.1016/j.proeng.2017.07.095|volume=198|year=2017|pages=398–410|journal=Procedia Engineering|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|doi-access=free}}</ref>]]
Russia's [[human development (economics)|human development]] is [[List of countries by Human Development Index|ranked as]] "very high" in the annual [[Human Development Index]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/RUS|title=Russian Federation|work=[[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP)|access-date=5 August 2024|quote=Russian Federation's HDI value for 2022 is 0.821— which put the country in the Very High human development category—positioning it at 56 out of 193 countries and territories.}}</ref> Roughly 70% of Russia's total GDP is driven by domestic consumption,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.TOTL.ZS?most_recent_value_desc=true&locations=RU|title=Final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) – Russia|work=[[World Bank]]|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> and the country has the world's [[List of largest consumer markets|twelfth-largest consumer market]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true&year_high_desc=true|title=Household final consumption expenditure (current US$) {{!}} Data|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> Its [[Social security system in Russia|social security system]] comprised roughly 16% of the total GDP in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://prosperitydata360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/WB+CCDR+CC+SP+EXP+ZS|title=Public social protection expenditure (%of GDP)|work=[[World Bank]]|publisher=[[World Bank Group]]|access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref> Russia has the [[List of countries by number of billionaires|fifth-highest number of billionaires]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Forbes Billionaires 2021 |url=https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/ |website=Forbes |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-date=4 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104180124/https://www.forbes.com/billionaires/list/3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, its [[List of countries by income equality|income inequality]] remains comparatively high compared to other developed countries.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/620225/EPRS_ATA(2018)620225_EN.pdf |title=Socioeconomic inequality in Russia |journal=[[European Parliamentary Research Service]] |publisher=[[European Parliament]] |date=April 2018 |last=Russell |first=Martin |access-date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217150505/https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/ATAG/2018/620225/EPRS_ATA(2018)620225_EN.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The top 10% of the society received about 46% of the [[gross national income|national income]] {{as of|2019|lc=y}}, while the bottom half received only 20%, comparable to the share of the top 1%.<ref>{{cite web |last=Neef |first=Theresa |url=https://wid.world/document/update-on-income-inequality-in-russia-compared-to-eastern-europe-1980-2019/ |title=What's New About Income Inequality in Russia (1980-2019)? Trends in Comparison to Eastern Europe |work=[[World Inequality Database]] |date=November 2020 |access-date=17 April 2025}}</ref> The variance of natural resources among its federal subjects has also led to [[List of federal subjects of Russia by GDP per capita|regional economic disparities]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Remington|first=Thomas F.|title=Why is interregional inequality in Russia and China not falling?|volume=48|number=1|date=March 2015|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|journal=[[Soviet and Communist studies|Communist and Post-Communist Studies]]|pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2015.01.005 |jstor=48610321}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Kholodilin|first1=Konstantin A.|last2=Oshchepkov|first2=Aleksey|last3=Siliverstovs|first3=Boriss|title=The Russian Regional Convergence Process: Where Is It Leading?|year=2012|volume=50|number=3|pages=5–26|journal=Eastern European Economies|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.2753/EEE0012-8775500301 |jstor=41719700|s2cid=153168354 }}</ref> High [[Corruption in Russia|levels of corruption]],<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Schulze|first1=Günther G.|last2=Sjahrir|first2=Bambang Suharnoko|last3=Zakharov|first3=Nikita|title=Corruption in Russia|journal=[[The Journal of Law and Economics]]|publisher=[[The University of Chicago Press]]|volume=59|number=1|date=February 2016|pages=135–171|doi=10.1086/684844 |jstor=26456942}}</ref> a shrinking labor force,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kapeliushnikov|first=Rostislav I.|title=The Russian labor market: Long-term trends and short-term fluctuations|publisher=Voprosy Ekonomiki|journal=Russian Journal of Economics|volume=9|number=3|pages=245–270|date=3 October 2023|doi=10.32609/j.ruje.9.113503|url=https://zenodo.org/records/8409563/files/RUJEC_article_113503.pdf}}</ref> and an [[Aging of Russia|aging]] and [[Demographics of Russia|declining population]] also remain major barriers to future economic growth.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mikhailova|first1=Olga|last2=Safarova|first2=Gaiane|last3=Safarova|first3=Anna|title=Population ageing and policy responses in the Russian Federation|journal=International Journal on Ageing in Developing Countries|year=2018|pages=6–26|number=1|volume=3|url=https://inia.org.mt/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/3.2-Mikhailova-et-al..pdf|publisher=International Institute on Aging}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/russia-tomorrow/a-russia-without-russians-putins-disastrous-demographics/|title=A Russia without Russians? Putin's disastrous demographics|date=7 August 2024|access-date=9 August 2024|publisher=[[Atlantic Council]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>

Following the 2022 [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the country has faced [[International sanctions during the Russian invasion of Ukraine|extensive sanctions]] and other negative financial actions from the [[Western world]] and its allies which have the aim of isolating the Russian economy from the Western financial system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/22968949/russia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds|title=The unprecedented American sanctions on Russia, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=9 March 2022|last=Walsh|first=Ben|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=11 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411000846/https://www.vox.com/22968949/russia-sanctions-swift-economy-mcdonalds|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Russia has completed its transition into a [[war economy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/jy2404|title=As Russia Completes Transition to a Full War Economy, Treasury Takes Sweeping Aim at Foundational Financial Infrastructure and Access to Third Country Support|date=12 June 2024|access-date=6 March 2025|work=[[United States Department of the Treasury]]}}</ref> and has shown resilience to such measures broadly, maintaining economic stability and growth—driven primarily by high [[List of countries with highest military expenditures|military expenditure]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Luzin|first1=Pavel|last2=Prokopenko|first2=Alexandra|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2023/09/russias-2024-budget-shows-its-planning-for-a-long-war-in-ukraine?lang=en|title=Russia's 2024 Budget Shows It's Planning for a Long War in Ukraine|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=11 October 2023|access-date=3 August 2024|quote=The war against Ukraine and the West is not only the Kremlin's biggest priority; it is now also the main driver of Russia's economic growth.}}</ref> rising [[Household final consumption expenditure|household consumption]] and [[List of Russian federal subjects by average wage|wages]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kurbangaleeva|first1=Ekaterina|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/russia-eurasia/politika/2024/05/russia-war-income?lang=en|title=Russia's Soaring Wartime Salaries Are Bolstering Working-Class Support for Putin|publisher=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=28 May 2024|access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> low [[unemployment]],<ref name="reutersunem">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/soaring-wages-record-low-unemployment-underscore-russias-labour-squeeze-2024-06-05/|title=Soaring wages, record-low unemployment underscore Russia's labour squeeze|last1=Marrow|first1=Alexander|last2=Korsunskaya|first2=Darya|work=Reuters|date=5 June 2024|access-date=4 August 2024|quote=Russia's unemployment rate dropped to a record-low 2.6% in April and real wages soared in March, data published by the federal statistics service showed on Wednesday, highlighting the extent of Russia's tight labour market.}}</ref> and increased [[government spending]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4nn7pej9jyo|title=Russia's economy is growing, but can it last?|last=Rosenberg|first=Steve|work=[[BBC News]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=6 June 2024|access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> Yet, [[inflation]] has remained comparatively high,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Russian inflation is too high. Does that matter? |url=https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/02/13/russian-inflation-is-too-high-does-that-matter |access-date=2025-02-24 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> with experts predicting the sanctions will have a long-term negative effect on the Russian economy.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gorodnichenko|first1=Yuriy|last2=Korhonen|first2=Likka|last3=Ribakova|first3=Elina|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/russian-economy-war-footing-new-reality-financed-commodity-exports|title=The Russian economy on a war footing: A new reality financed by commodity exports|publisher=[[Centre for Economic Policy Research]] (CEPR)|location=London|date=24 May 2024|access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref>

=== Transport and energy ===
{{Main|Transport in Russia|Energy in Russia}}
[[Rail transport in Russia|Railway transport in Russia]] is mostly controlled by the state-run [[Russian Railways]]. The total length of common-used railway tracks is the world's [[List of countries by rail transport network size|third-longest]], exceeding {{convert|87000|km|mi|-2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/railways/country-comparison |title=Railways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Russia has the world's [[List of countries by road network size|fifth-largest road network]], with over 1.5 million&nbsp;km of roads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://government.ru/info/22865/ |title=О развитии дорожной инфраструктуры|trans-title=On the development of road infrastructure |work=[[Government of Russia]] |date=29 April 2016 |access-date=14 January 2021}}</ref> However, its road density is among the world's lowest, in part to its vast land area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://worldroadstatistics.org/europe-central-asia-continue-to-report-the-worlds-highest-road-network-density-followed-by-east-asia-and-pacific/ |title=Europe continues to report the world's highest Road Network Density, followed by East Asia and Pacific. |work=International Road Federation |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> Russia's inland waterways are the [[List of countries by waterways length|longest in the world]], totaling {{convert|102000|km|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/waterways/country-comparison |title=Waterways – The World Factbook |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> It has over [[List of airports in Russia|900 airports]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Airports – The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/airports/country-comparison |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> ranking seventh in the world, of which the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest]] is [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] in Moscow. The largest ports include the [[Port of Novorossiysk]], the [[Great Port of Saint Petersburg]] and the [[Port of Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Korovyakovsky |first1=Eugene |last2=Panova |first2=Yulia |title=Dynamics of Russian dry ports |journal=Research in Transportation Economics |volume=33 |number=1 |year=2011 |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |doi=10.1016/j.retrec.2011.08.008 |pages=25-34}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| image1            = VL 85-022 container train.jpg
| caption1          = {{font|size=100%|text=The [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is the longest railway line in the world, connecting Moscow to [[Vladivostok]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trans-siberian-railway-russia-what-its-like-photos-2019-7 |title=I rode the legendary Trans-Siberian Railway on a 2,000-mile journey across 4 time zones in Russia. Here's what it was like spending 50 hours on the longest train line in the world. |work=[[Business Insider]] |first=Katie |last=Warren |date=3 January 2020 |access-date=10 June 2021}}</ref>}}
| image2            = Airbus A319-112, CSA - Czech Airlines AN2166020.jpg
| caption2          = {{font|size=100%|text=[[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] is the [[List of the busiest airports in Russia|busiest airport in Russia]]}}
}}
Russia has one of the world's largest amounts of [[World energy resources|energy resources]] throughout its vast landmass, particularly [[natural gas]] and [[Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification|oil]], which play a crucial role in its energy self-sufficiency and exports.{{sfn|Curtis|1998|pp=295–382|loc=The Economy}} It has been widely described [[Russia as an energy superpower|as an energy superpower]].<ref>{{cite book | editor = Elizabeth Buchanan |year=2021 | title = Russian Energy Strategy in the Asia-Pacific: Implications for Australia | publisher =  Australian National University | page = 86 | isbn = 978-1-76046-339-7 | oclc = 1246214035 | url = {{GBurl|id=bdIwEAAAQBAJ|p=86}}}}</ref> Russia has the world's largest [[List of countries by natural gas proven reserves|proven gas reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |title=Natural gas – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=15 February 2022 |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408174101/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/natural-gas-proved-reserves/country-comparison |url-status=dead }}</ref> the second-largest [[List of countries by coal reserves|coal reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=Statistical Review of World Energy 69th edition |url=https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=bp.com |publisher=[[BP]] |page=45}}</ref> the eighth-largest [[List of countries by proven oil reserves|proven oil reserves]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |title=Crude oil – proved reserves |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=2 July 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326013732/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/crude-oil-proved-reserves/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the largest [[oil shale reserves]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |year=2010 |title=2010 Survey of Energy Resources |url=https://www.worldenergy.org/assets/downloads/ser_2010_report_1.pdf |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Energy Council]] |page=102 |isbn=978-0-946121-02-1}}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it is also the [[List of countries by natural gas production|second-largest producer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=10&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Dry natural gas production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> and the [[List of countries by natural gas exports|third-largest exporter]] of [[natural gas]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=89&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Dry natural gas exports 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> as well as the second-largest [[List of countries by oil production|producer]] and [[List of countries by oil exports|exporter]] of [[crude oil]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=173&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023&ev=false |title=Crude oil including lease condensate production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> Russia's large oil and gas sector accounted for 30% of its federal budget revenues in 2024, down from 50% in the mid-2010s, suggesting economic diversification.<ref>{{cite web |last=Yermakov |first=Vitaly |title=Fiscal Flex: Russia's oil and gas revenues in 2024 |date=February 2025 |publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |url=https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Comment-Fiscal-Flex.pdf}}</ref>

Russia is the world's [[List of countries by electricity production|third-largest electricity producer]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=12&u=0&f=A&v=none&y=01%2F01%2F2023 |title=Total energy production 2023 |work=[[Energy Information Administration]] (EIA) |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> [[Fossil fuel]]s account for over 64% of  energy production and 87% of energy consumption.<ref name="energy">{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |author1-link=Hannah Ritchie |title=Russia: Energy Country Profile |url=https://ourworldindata.org/energy/country/russia |journal=[[Our World in Data]] |date=27 October 2022 |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> Natural gas is by far the largest source of energy, comprising over half of the energy production and 42% of electricity consumption.<ref name="energy"/> Russia was the first country to develop civilian nuclear power, building the world's [[Obninsk Nuclear Power Plant|first nuclear power plant]] in 1954, and remains a pioneer in nuclear energy technology and is considered a world leader in [[Fast-neutron reactor|fast neutron reactors]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Nuclear Power in Russia |url=https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-o-s/russia-nuclear-power |access-date=22 July 2024 |work=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> Russia is the world's [[Nuclear power by country|fourth-largest nuclear energy producer]], which accounts for roughly one-fourth of energy generation (18%).<ref name=":5">{{cite web |date=October 2020 |title=Nuclear Power Today |url=https://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-generation/nuclear-power-in-the-world-today.aspx |access-date=8 November 2020 |publisher=[[World Nuclear Association]]}}</ref> Russian energy policy aims to expand the role of nuclear energy and develop new reactor technology.<ref name=":4" /> Russia is the sole country that builds and operates [[nuclear-powered icebreaker]]s,<ref name="icebreaker">{{cite journal |last1=Lysenko |first1=Mikhail N. |last2=Alexander N. |first2=Vylegzhanin |last3=Oran R. |first3=Young |title=Nuclear Safety and Security in the Arctic: Crafting an Effective Regional Governance System |journal=Arctic Review on Law and Politics |volume= 13 |year=2022 |pages=191–212 |doi=10.23865/arctic.v13.3820 |jstor=48710665|doi-access=free }}</ref> which ease navigation along the [[Northern Sea Route]],<ref name="icebreaker"/>{{rp|192}} and aid in utilizing its [[Arctic policy of Russia|Arctic policy]] in its [[continental shelf of Russia|continental shelf]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rumer |first1=Eugene |last2=Sokolsky |first2=Richard |last3=Stronski |first3=Paul |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/03/russia-in-the-arctica-critical-examination |title=Russia in the Arctic—A Critical Examination |journal=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]] |location=Washington, D.C. |date=29 March 2021 |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

Russia joined the [[Paris Agreement]] on [[climate change]] in 2015, and ratified the agreement in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mitrova |first=Tatiana |date=27 July 2021 |title=Is Russia Finally Ready to Tackle Climate Change? |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2021/07/is-russia-finally-ready-to-tackle-climate-change?lang=en |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]]|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> Its [[Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia|greenhouse gas emissions]] are the [[List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions|fourth-largest in the world]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdfs/news/expert/2018/3/story/20180301STO98928/20180301STO98928_en.pdf |title=Greenhouse gas emissions by country and sector (infographic) |date=12 February 2024 |work=[[European Parliament]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> Coal accounts for over 16% of energy generation.<ref name="energy"/> Russia is the [[Hydroelectricity#World hydroelectric capacity|fifth-largest hydroelectric producer]] {{as of|2022|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whiteman |first1=Adrian |last2=Akande |first2=Dennis |last3=Elhassan |first3=Nazik |last4=Escamilla |first4=Gerardo |last5=Lebedys |first5=Arvydas |last6=Arkhipova |first6=Lana |url=https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Apr/IRENA_RE_Capacity_Statistics_2021.pdf |title=Renewable Energy Capacity Statistics 2021 |access-date=3 January 2022 |location=[[Abu Dhabi]] |publisher=[[International Renewable Energy Agency]] |date=2021 |isbn=978-92-9260-342-7}}</ref> with hydroelectric power contributing almost a fifth to the total energy generation (17%).<ref name="energy"/> Though it is the [[List of countries by renewable electricity production|eighth-largest renewable energy producer]] {{as of|2023|lc=y}}, the use and development of other [[renewable energy]] resources remain negligible,<ref name="energy"/> as Russia is among the few countries without strong governmental or public support for a [[Energy transition|renewable energy transition]].<ref name=":5" />

=== Agriculture and fishery ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Russia|Fishing industry in Russia}}
[[File:Wheat Tomsk.jpg|thumb|Wheat in [[Tomsk Oblast]], Siberia]]
Agriculture, [[Forestry in Russia|forestry]] and [[Fishing industry in Russia|fishing]] contributes about 3.3% of the country's total GDP {{as of|2023|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS?locations=RU |title=Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) - Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=6 March 2025}}</ref> It has the world's [[Land use statistics by country|fourth-largest cultivated area]], at {{convert|1265267|km2}}. However, due to the harshness of its environment, only about 13.1% of its land is [[agricultural land|agricultural]],<ref name="cia"/> with an additional 7.4% being [[arable land|arable]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS?locations=RU |title=Arable land (% of land area) – Russian Federation |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=15 June 2021}}</ref> The country's agricultural land is considered part of the "[[breadbasket]]" of Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/system-shock-russias-war-and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains|title=System Shock: Russia's War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains|work=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|location=Washington, D.C.|date=13 April 2022|access-date=24 June 2022|quote=Together, Russia and Ukraine—sometimes referred to as the breadbasket of Europe—account for 29% of global wheat exports, 80% of the world's sunflower oil, and 40% of its barley.}}</ref> More than one-third of the sown area is devoted to fodder crops, and the remaining farmland is used [[Nonfood crop|industrial crop]]s, vegetables, and fruits.<ref name="agriculturebritannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |title=Russia – Economy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies well over half the cropland.<ref name="agriculturebritannica"/> Russia is the world's [[List of countries by wheat exports|largest exporter of wheat]] and the [[List of countries by barley production|largest producer of barley]] and [[List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities|buckwheat]].<ref name="oec"/><ref name="fao">{{cite web|url=https://www.fao.org/3/cb9236en/cb9236en.pdf|title=The importance of Ukraine and the Russian Federation for global agricultural markets and the risks associated with the current conflict|date=25 March 2022|publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]]|location=[[Rome]]|access-date=8 July 2022}}</ref> It is also among the largest exporters of [[maize]] and [[sunflower oil]], as well as the leading producer of [[Fertilizer|fertiliser]].<ref name="fao"/><ref name="oec"/>

Various analysts of [[climate change adaptation]] foresee large opportunities for Russian agriculture during the rest of the 21st century as arability increases in Siberia, which would lead to both internal and external migration to the region.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html |title=How Russia Wins the Climate Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Abrahm |last=Lustgarten |date=16 December 2020 |access-date=15 June 2021|url-access=limited|quote=Across Eastern Russia, wild forests, swamps and grasslands are slowly being transformed into orderly grids of soybeans, corn and wheat. It's a process that is likely to accelerate: Russia hopes to seize on the warming temperatures and longer growing seasons brought by climate change to refashion itself as one of the planet's largest producers of food}}</ref> Owing to its large coastline along three oceans and twelve marginal seas, Russia maintains the world's [[Fishing industry by country|sixth-largest fishing industry]], capturing nearly 5 million tons of fish in 2018.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/3/i9540en/i9540en.pdf |title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |date=2018 |access-date=4 February 2021 |location=[[Rome]] |isbn=978-92-5-130562-1}}</ref> It is home to the world's finest caviar, the [[Beluga (sturgeon)|beluga]], and produces about one-third of all canned fish and some one-fourth of the world's total fresh and frozen fish.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/Economy |title=Russia – Economy |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in Russia}}
{{See also|Timeline of Russian innovation|List of Russian scientists|List of Russian inventors}}
<!--section full of name spamming see Canada#Science and technology for proper example-->
Russia spent about 1% of its GDP on [[research and development]] in 2019, with the world's [[List of countries by research and development spending|tenth-highest budget]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |title=Gross domestic spending on R&D |website=[[OECD]] Data |date=2017 |doi=10.1787/d8b068b4-en |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114013730/https://data.oecd.org/rd/gross-domestic-spending-on-r-d.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers.<ref>{{cite web |year=2020 |title=SJR – International Science Ranking |url=https://www.scimagojr.com/countryrank.php?year=2020 |access-date=3 February 2022 |publisher=[[SCImago Journal Rank]]}}</ref> Since 1904, [[List of Nobel laureates by country|Nobel Prize]] were awarded to 26 Soviets and Russians in [[Nobel Prize in Physics|physics]], [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|chemistry]], [[Nobel Prize in medicine|medicine]], [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|economy]], [[Nobel Prize in Literature|literature]] and [[Nobel Peace Prize|peace]].<ref>{{cite news |date=10 December 2019|script-title=ru:Кто из российских и советских ученых и литераторов становился лауреатом Нобелевской премии|trans-title=Which of the Russian and Soviet scientists and writers became the Nobel Prize laureate |url=https://tass.ru/info/7308739 |access-date=8 November 2020|script-website=ru:ТАСС |agency=[[TASS]] |language=ru|newspaper=Tacc }}</ref> Russia ranked 60th in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2024, down from 45th in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Innovation Index 2024 : Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-11-29 |website=www.wipo.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo_pub_gii_2021/ru.pdf |title=RUSSIAN FEDERATION |work=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |publisher=United Nations |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

Since the times of [[Nikolay Lobachevsky]], who pioneered the [[non-Euclidean geometry]], and [[Pafnuty Chebyshev]], a prominent tutor, Russian [[List of Russian mathematicians|mathematicians]] became among the world's most influential.<ref name="math">{{cite journal |last=Vucinich |first=Alexander |title=Mathematics in Russian Culture |jstor=2708192 |doi=10.2307/2708192 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]] |volume=21 |number=2 |year=1960 |journal=[[Journal of the History of Ideas]] |pages=161–179}}</ref> [[Dmitry Mendeleev]] invented the [[Periodic table]], the main framework of modern [[chemistry]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leicester |first=Henry M. |title=Factors Which Led Mendeleev to the Periodic Law |jstor=27757115 |doi=10.2307/27757115 |year=1948 |pages=67–74 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |journal=[[Chymia]]|volume=1 }}</ref> Nine Soviet and Russian mathematicians have been awarded with the [[Fields Medal winners|Fields Medal]]. [[Grigori Perelman]] was offered the first ever Clay [[Millennium Prize Problems]] Award for his final proof of the [[Poincaré conjecture]] in 2002, as well as the Fields Medal in 2006.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Frank |title=Manifolds with Density and Perelman's Proof of the Poincaré Conjecture |jstor=27642690 |volume=116 |number=2 |pages=134–142 |date=February 2009 |journal=[[The American Mathematical Monthly]] |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|doi=10.1080/00029890.2009.11920920 |s2cid=6068179 }}</ref>
[[File:M.V. Lomonosov by L.Miropolskiy after G.C.Prenner (1787, RAN).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Mikhail Lomonosov]] (1711–1765), [[polymath]] scientist, inventor, poet and artist]]
[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov|Alexander Popov]] was among the [[invention of radio|inventors of radio]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=Allison |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-invented-radio-guglielmo-marconi-or-aleksandr-popov |title=Who Invented Radio: Guglielmo Marconi or Aleksandr Popov? |work=[[IEEE Spectrum]] |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |date=30 April 2020 |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> while [[Nikolai Basov]] and [[Alexander Prokhorov]] were co-inventors of [[laser]] and [[maser]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Shampo |first1=Marc A. |last2=Kyle |first2=Robert A. |last3=Steensma |first3=David P. |title=Nikolay Basov – Nobel Prize for Lasers and Masers |journal=Mayo Clinic Proceedings |date=January 2012 |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=e3 |doi=10.1016/j.mayocp.2011.11.003 |pmid=22212977 |pmc=3498096}}</ref> [[Oleg Losev]] made crucial contributions in the field of [[semiconductor junction]]s, and discovered [[light-emitting diode]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Zheludev |first=Nikolay |title=The life and times of the LED – a 100-year history |date=April 2007 |volume=1 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.1038/nphoton.2007.34 |journal=[[Nature Photonics]]|issue=4 |bibcode=2007NaPho...1..189Z }}</ref> [[Vladimir Vernadsky]] is considered one of the founders of [[geochemistry]], [[biogeochemistry]], and [[Radiometric dating|radiogeology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ghilarov |first=Alexej M. |title=Vernadsky's Biosphere Concept: An Historical Perspective |jstor=3036242 |publisher=The [[University of Chicago Press]] |volume=70 |number=2 |journal=[[The Quarterly Review of Biology]] |date=June 1995 |pages=193–203|doi=10.1086/418982 |s2cid=85258634 }}</ref> [[Élie Metchnikoff]] is known for his groundbreaking research in [[immunology]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gordon |first=Siamon |title=Elie Metchnikoff, the Man and the Myth |journal=Journal of Innate Immunity |pmid=26836137 |date=3 February 2016 |volume=8 |number=3 |pages=223–227 |doi=10.1159/000443331 |pmc=6738810 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Ivan Pavlov]] is known chiefly for his work in [[classical conditioning]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Anrep |first=G. V. |title=Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. 1849–1936 |jstor=769124 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |volume=2 |number=5 |date=December 1936 |pages=1–18 |journal=[[Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society]]|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1936.0001 }}</ref> [[Lev Landau]] made fundamental contributions to many areas of [[theoretical physics]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gorelik |first=Gennady |title=The Top-Secret Life of Lev Landau |jstor=24995874 |journal=[[Scientific American]] |volume=277 |number=2 |pages=72–77 |date=August 1997 |publisher=Scientific American, a division of Nature America, Inc.|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0897-72 |bibcode=1997SciAm.277b..72G }}</ref>

[[Nikolai Vavilov]] was best known for having identified the [[Vavilov center|centres]] of origin of [[Horticulture|cultivated]] plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Janick |first=Jules |title=Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science |doi-access=free |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.50.6.772 |date=1 June 2015 |url=https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/pdfs/772.full.pdf |volume=50 |number=6 |journal=HortScience|pages=772–776 }}</ref> [[Trofim Lysenko]] was known mainly for [[Lysenkoism]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhengrong |last2=Liu |first2=Yongsheng |year=2017 |title=Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=25 |number=10 |pages=1097–1098 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2017.117 |issn=1476-5438 |pmc=5602018 |pmid=28905876}}</ref> Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were [[émigrés]]. [[Igor Sikorsky]] was an [[List of aviation pioneers|aviation pioneer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hunsaker |first=Jerome C. |title=A Half Century of Aeronautical Development |jstor=3143642 |publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]] |volume=98 |number=2 |pages=121–130 |date=15 April 1954 |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society]]}}</ref> [[Vladimir Zworykin]] was the inventor of the [[iconoscope]] and [[kinescope]] television systems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/vladimir-zworykin |title=Vladimir Zworykin |work=[[Lemelson–MIT Prize]] |access-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] was the central figure in the field of [[evolutionary biology]] for his work in shaping the [[modern synthesis (20th century)|modern synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ford |first=Edmund Brisco |author-link= E. B. Ford |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1977.0004 |title=Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 – 18 December 1975 |date=November 1977 |journal=[[Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society]] |volume= 23 |pages=58–89 |pmid= 11615738 |doi-access=free |issn=1748-8494}}</ref> [[George Gamow]] was one of the foremost advocates of the [[Big Bang]] theory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.colorado.edu/physics/events/outreach/george-gamow-memorial-lecture-series/distinguished-life-and-career-george-gamow |title= The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow |date= 11 May 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

==== Space exploration ====
[[File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg|thumb|[[Mir]], Russian [[space station]] that operated in [[low Earth orbit|LEO]]]]
[[Roscosmos]] is Russia's national space agency. The country's achievements in the field of [[space technology]] and [[space exploration]] can be traced back to [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], the father of theoretical [[astronautics]], whose works had inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers, such as [[Sergey Korolyov]], [[Valentin Glushko]], and many others who contributed to the success of the [[Soviet space program]]me in the early stages of the [[Space Race]] and beyond.<ref>{{cite book |last=Siddiqi |first=Asif A. |title=Challenge to Apollo: The Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945–1974 |date=2000 |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office]] |isbn=978-0-160-61305-0}}</ref>{{rp|6–7,333}}

In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial [[satellite]], ''[[Sputnik&nbsp;1]]'', was launched. In 1961, the first human trip into space was successfully made by [[Yuri Gagarin]]. Many other Soviet and Russian [[space exploration records]] ensued. In 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first and youngest [[women in space|woman in space]], having flown a solo mission on [[Vostok 6]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1963-023A |title=Vostok 6 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]]  |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> In 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] became the first human to conduct a [[spacewalk]], exiting the [[space capsule]] during [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html |title=The First Spacewalk |publisher=BBC |first=Paul |last=Rincon |date=13 October 2014 |access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref>

In 1957, [[Laika]], a [[Soviet space dogs|Soviet space dog]], became the first animal to orbit the Earth, aboard [[Sputnik 2]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Wellerstein |first=Alex |url=https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/remembering-laika-space-dog-and-soviet-hero |title=Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=3 November 2017 |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref> In 1966, [[Luna&nbsp;9]] became the first spacecraft to achieve a survivable landing on a [[Astronomical object|celestial body]], the [[Moon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1966-006A |title=Luna 9 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]]  |access-date=1 June 2021 }}</ref> In 1968, [[Zond 5]] brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon.<ref>{{cite web |last=Betz |first=Eric |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-first-earthlings-around-the-moon-were-two-soviet-tortoises |title=The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises |work=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]] |date=19 September 2018 |access-date=18 January 2022 }}</ref> In 1970, [[Venera&nbsp;7]] became the first spacecraft to land on another planet, [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Avduevsky |first1=V. S. |last2=Ya Marov |first2=M. |last3=Rozhdestvensky |first3=M. K. |last4=Borodin |first4=N. F. |last5=Kerzhanovich |first5=V. V. |date=1 March 1971 |title=Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |pages=263–269 |publisher=[[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] |location=Moscow|journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences|volume=28 |issue=2 |bibcode=1971JAtS...28..263A }}</ref> In 1971, [[Mars&nbsp;3]] became the first spacecraft to land on [[Mars]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Perminov |first=V.G. |title=The Difficult Road to Mars – A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union |date=July 1999 |publisher=[[NASA]] History Division |isbn=0-16-058859-6 |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |access-date=18 January 2022 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111920/https://history.nasa.gov/monograph15.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{rp|34–60}} During the same period, ''[[Lunokhod-1|Lunokhod 1]]'' became the first [[space exploration rover]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |title=Lunokhod 01 |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=1 June 2021 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331072547/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/lunokhod-01/in-depth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> while ''[[Salyut&nbsp;1]]'' became the world's first [[space station]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-launch-of-salyut-the-world-s-first-space-station |title=50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station |work=[[NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive|NSSDCA]] |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref>

{{As of|2023}}, Russia has 181 active satellites in space, which is the third-highest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Satellite Database |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/resources/satellite-database |access-date=18 August 2022 |website=[[Union of Concerned Scientists]]}}</ref> Between the final flight of the [[Space Shuttle]] programme in 2011 and the 2020 [[SpaceX]]'s [[Crew Dragon Demo-2|first crewed mission]], [[Soyuz (rocket family)|Soyuz rockets]] were the only launch vehicles capable of transporting astronauts to the [[International Space Station|ISS]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SpaceX successfully launches first crew to orbit, ushering in new era of spaceflight |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/30/21269703/spacex-launch-crew-dragon-nasa-orbit-successful |work=The Verge |date=30 May 2020}}</ref> [[Luna&nbsp;25]] launched in August 2023, was the first of the [[Luna-Glob]] Moon exploration programme.<ref>{{cite news |title=Russia launches Luna-25 moon lander, its 1st lunar probe in 47 years |url=https://www.space.com/russia-luna-25-moon-mission-launch-success |work=Space.com |date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
{{Main|Tourism in Russia}}
According to the [[World Tourism Organization|World Tourism Organisation]], Russia was the sixteenth-most visited country in the world, and the tenth-most visited country in Europe, in 2018, with over 24.6 million visits.<ref name="unwto">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/wtobarometereng.2020.18.1.6 |title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer English Version |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |year=2020 |volume=18 |page=18 |language=en |doi=10.18111/wtobarometereng |issn=1728-9246 |issue=6}}</ref> According to [[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)|Federal Agency for Tourism]], the number of inbound trips of foreign citizens to Russia amounted to 24.4 million in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ru:Выборочная статистическая информация, рассчитанная в соответствии с Официальной статистической методологией оценки числа въездных и выездных туристских поездок – Ростуризм |trans-title=Selected statistical information calculated in accordance with the Official Statistical Methodology for Estimating the Number of Inbound and Outbound Tourist Trips – Rostourism |url=https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/ |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=tourism.gov.ru |publisher=[[Federal Agency for Tourism (Russia)]] |language=ru |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122202242/https://tourism.gov.ru/contents/statistika/statisticheskie-pokazateli-vzaimnykh-poezdok-grazhdan-rossiyskoy-federatsii-i-grazhdan-inostrannykh-gosudarstv/vyborochnaya-statisticheskaya-informatsiya-rasschitannaya-v-sootvetstvii-s-ofitsialnoy-statisticheskoy-metodologiey-otsenki-chisla-vezdnykh-i-vyezdnykh-turistskikh-poezdok/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 totaled $11.6 billion.<ref name="unwto" /> In 2019, travel and tourism accounted for about 4.8% of country's total GDP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/atlas/Russian-Federation/topics/Tourism/Travel-and-Tourism-Total-Contribution-to-GDP/Contribution-of-travel-and-tourism-to-GDP-percent-of-GDP|title=Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 1995–2019 |website=Knoema}}</ref> In the wake of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], tourism declined precipitously in 2020, to just over 6.3 million foreign visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank Open Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/ |access-date=19 July 2024 |website=World Bank Open Data}}</ref>
[[File:Grand Cascade in Peterhof 01.jpg|thumb|[[Peterhof Palace]] in Saint Petersburg, a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the [[Golden Ring of Russia]], a [[theme route]] of ancient Russian cities; cruises on large rivers such as the Volga; hikes on mountain ranges such as the [[Caucasus Mountains]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Tomb |first=Howard |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/08/27/travel/getting-to-the-top-in-the-caucasus.html |title=Getting to the Top In the Caucasus |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=27 August 1989 |access-date=4 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> and journeys on the famous [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112082549/http://www.e-unwto.org/content/r13521/fulltext.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 January 2015 |title=Tourism Highlights 2014 |publisher=UNWTO (World Tourism Organization) |year=2014 |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> Russia's most visited and popular landmarks include [[Red Square]], the [[Peterhof Palace]], the [[Kazan Kremlin]], the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius]] and Lake Baikal.<ref>{{cite web |last=Vlasov |first=Artem |date=17 December 2018|script-title=ru:Названы самые популярные достопримечательности России|trans-title=The most popular sights of Russia are named |url=https://iz.ru/824446/2018-12-17/nazvany-samye-populiarnye-dostoprimechatelnosti-rossii |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=[[Izvestia]] |language=ru}}</ref>

Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling modern [[megacity]]; it retains classical and Soviet-era architecture while boasting high art, world class ballet, and [[Moscow International Business Center|modern skyscrapers]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Sullivan |first=Paul |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/moscow/articles/moscow-travel-guide/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/moscow/articles/moscow-travel-guide/ |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=48 hours in... Moscow, an insider guide to Russia's mighty metropolis |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=7 March 2021 |access-date=4 December 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Saint Petersburg]], the imperial capital, is famous for its classical architecture, cathedrals, museums and theatres, [[White Nights Festival|white nights]], crisscrossing rivers and numerous canals.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hammer |first=Joshua |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 June 2011 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/05/travel/russias-white-nights-in-st-petersburg.html |title=White Nights of St. Petersburg, Russia |access-date=4 December 2021|url-access=limited}}</ref> Russia is famed worldwide for its rich museums, such as the [[Russian Museum|State Russian]], the [[Hermitage Museum|State Hermitage]], and the [[Tretyakov Gallery]], and for theatres such as the [[Bolshoi Theatre|Bolshoi]] and the [[Mariinsky Theatre|Mariinsky]]. The [[Moscow Kremlin]] and the [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] are among the cultural landmarks of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kremlin and Red Square, Moscow|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545/|access-date=20 February 2022|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>