Editing Reformation (section)

===Münster===

[[File:MuensterUnderSiege1534.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.35|alt=A fortified town on a river surrounded by soldiers|[[Münster]] besieged by [[Prince-Bishopric of Münster|Prince-bishop]] [[Franz von Waldeck]]]]

Having been banished from Sweden, Hoffman was wandering in southern Germany and the Low Countries. He turned Anabaptist{{sfn|Haude|2006|p=244}} but suspended adult baptism to avoid persecution.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|p=199}} He denied that Christ had become flesh,{{refn|group=note|The lay preacher Clement Ziegler was the first to proclaim (in 1524) that Christ had had a celestial body before Mary gave birth to him. Hoffman went as far as comparing Mary with a bag, likely unaware that he adopted a metaphor from the Gnostic theologian [[Valentinus (Gnostic)|Valentinus]] (d. {{circa}}  180). According to Valentinus, Christ passed through Mary "as water through a pipe".{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|p=182}}}} and preached that [[Revelation 7|144,000 elect]] were to gather in Strasbourg to witness [[Second Coming|Christ's return]] in 1533.{{sfn|Haude|2006|p=244}} His followers known as Melchiorites swarmed into the city, presenting an enormous challenge for its charity provisions. Hoffman also came to Strasbourg, but the authorities arrested him. After the deadline for Christ's return passed uneventfully, many disappointed Melchiorites accepted the leadership of a charismatic Dutch baker [[Jan Matthijszoon]] (d. 1534). He blamed Hoffman for the suspension of adult baptism, and proclaimed the city of [[Münster]] as the [[New Jerusalem]]. Although Münster was an [[Prince-Bishopric of Münster|episcopal see]], the town council had installed a Protestant pastor [[Bernhard Rothmann]]  (d. {{circa}} 1535) in clear defiance to the new prince-bishop [[Franz von Waldeck]] ({{reign|1532|1553}}). Those who expected a radical social transformation from the Reformation flocked to Münster. The radicals assumed full control of the town in February 1534.{{sfn|MacCulloch|2003|pp=183, 199–200}}

Bishop Franz and his allies, among them Philip of Hessen, attacked Münster but could not capture it. Under Matthijszoon's rule, private property and the use of money was outlawed in the town. Believing that God would protect him, Matthijszoon made a sortie against the enemy, but he was killed. Another charismatic Dutchman, [[John of Leiden]] (d. 1536)—a former tailor—succeeded him. Leiden announced that he was receiving revelations from God, and proclaimed himself "king of righteousness" and "the ruler of the new [[Zion]]". Church and state were united, and all sinners were executed.{{sfn|Lindberg|2021|pp=208–209}} Leiden legalized [[polygyny]], and ordered all women who were twelve or older to marry. The protracted siege demoralized the defenders, and Münster fell through treason on 25 June 1535. After the fall of Münster, most Anabaptist groups adopted a pacifist approach under the leadership of a former priest [[Menno Simons]] (d. 1561).{{sfn|Haude|2006|p=245}} He associated the Anabaptist communities with the New Jerusalem. His followers would be known as [[Mennonites]].{{sfn|Haude|2006|p=253}} Nearly all Anabaptist communities were destroyed in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland,{{sfn|Marshall|2009|p=114}} but moderate Anabaptist groups survived in [[East Frisia]],{{sfn|Lindberg|2021|p=287}} and were mainly tolerated in England.{{sfn|Haude|2006|pp=253–254}}