Editing Reduplication (section)

==== Rapa ====
[[Rapa language|Rapa]] is the French Polynesian language of the island of [[Rapa Iti]].{{sfn|Walworth|2015}} In terms of reduplication, the indigenous language known as Old Rapa uses reduplication consistent to other Polynesian languages. Reduplication of Old Rapa occurs in four ways: full, rightward, leftward, and medial. Full and rightward are generally more frequently used as opposed to the leftward and medial. Leftward and medial only occur as CV reduplication and partial leftward and medial usually denote emphasis.{{sfn|Walworth|2015}}

Example of reduplication forms:{{sfn|Walworth|2015}}

{| class="wikitable"
!
!Base form
!Reduplicated form
|-
!Full reduplication
|
* kini 'pinch'
* kati 'bite'
|
* kini'''kini''' 'pinch skin'
* kati'''kati''' 'nibble'
|-
!Rightward reduplication
|
* māringi 'pour'
* taka'uri 'go backward'
* pātī 'bounce'
* ngaru 'wave'
|
* māringi'''ringi''' 'pour continuously'
* taka'uri'''<nowiki/>'uri''' 'roll back and forth'
* pātī'''tī''' 'splash (of raindrops)'
* ngaru'''ru''' 'sea sick'
|-
!Leftward reduplication
|
* komo 'sleep'
* kume 'drag'
|
* '''ko'''komo 'deep sleep'
* '''ku'''kume 'large, flat leaf seaweed'
|-
!Medial reduplication
|
* maitaki 'good; well'
|
* mai'''ta'''taki 'excellent; very well'
|}

For the Rapa Language the implementation of reduplication has specific implications. The most evident of these are known as iterative, intensification, specification, diminutive, metaphorical, nominalizing, and adjectival.{{sfn|Walworth|2015}}

Iterative:

* naku 'come, go' → nakunaku 'pass by frequently'
* ipuni 'hide' → ipunipuni 'hide and seek'

Intensification:

* mare 'cough' → maremare 'cough forcefully'
* roa 'much' → roroa 'very much'
* maki 'sick' → makimaki 'really sick'

Specification:

* kini 'to pinch' → kinikini 'pinch skin'

Diminutive:

* paki 'slap, strike' → pakipaki 'clap'
* kati 'bite' → katikati 'nibble'

Metaphorical (typically comparing an animal action with a human action):{{sfn|Walworth|2015}}

* kapa 'mime with hands' → kapakapa 'flap wings (a bird)'
* mākuru 'detach oneself' → mākurukuru 'shed or molt'
* taŋi 'Yell' → taŋitaŋi 'chirp (a bird)'

Nominalizing:

* para 'finished' → parapara 'leftovers'
* Panga'a 'divide' → panaga'anga'a 'a break, a divide'

Adjectival:

* repo 'dirt, earth' → reporepo 'dirty'
* pake 'sun' → pakepake 'shining, bright'