Editing Phonograph record (section)

==Popularity and current status==
{{See also|Album era|Vinyl revival}}
[[File:Spooky.jpg|thumb|upright|A [[DJ]] mixing vinyl records with a [[DJ mixer]] at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in 2003]]

Groove recordings, first designed in the final quarter of the 19th century, held a predominant position for nearly a century—withstanding competition from [[reel-to-reel tape]], the [[8-track cartridge]], and the [[compact cassette]]. The widespread popularity of Sony's [[Walkman]] was a factor that contributed to the vinyl's lessening usage in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.musicmusingsandsuch.com/musicmusingsandsuch/2019/5/26/feature-forty-years-of-the-sony-walkman-1st-july-1979-an-historic-and-iconic-day-for-music|title=FEATURE: Forty Years of the Sony Walkman: 1st July, 1979: An Historic and Iconic Day for Music|website=Music Musings & Such|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> 

In 1988, the [[compact disc]] surpassed the gramophone record in unit sales. Vinyl records experienced a sudden decline in popularity between 1988 and 1991,<ref>Sources vary on the actual dates.</ref> when the major label distributors restricted their return policies, which retailers had been relying on to maintain and swap out stocks of relatively unpopular titles. First the distributors began charging retailers more for new products if they returned unsold vinyl, and then they stopped providing any credit at all for returns. Retailers, fearing they would be stuck with anything they ordered, only ordered proven, popular titles that they knew would sell, and devoted more shelf space to CDs and cassettes. Record companies also removed many vinyl titles from production and distribution, further undermining the availability of the format and leading to the closure of pressing plants. This rapid decline in the availability of records accelerated the format's decline in popularity, and is seen by some as a deliberate ploy to make consumers switch to CDs, which unlike today, were more profitable for the record companies.<ref>{{Cite magazine |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |title=A Vinyl Farewell |date=4 October 1991 |issue=86 |last=Browne |first=David }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The World of DJs and the Turntable Culture|last=Souvignier|first=Todd|isbn=978-0-634-05833-2|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation |date=2004 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/worldofdjs00todd/page/41 41–42]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldofdjs00todd/page/41}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://urbigenous.net/library/negativland_shiny.html|title=Shiny, Aluminum, Plastic, and Digital|author=[[Negativland]] |via = urbigenous.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Romancing the Record: The Vinyl De-Evolution and Subcultural Evolution |journal=Journal of Popular Culture |volume=26 |issue=1 |page=110,112 |last=Plasketes |first=George |date=1992 |doi=10.1111/j.0022-3840.1992.00109.x }}</ref>

The more modern CD format held numerous advantages over the record such as its portability, [[digital audio]] and its elimination of background hiss and surface noise, instant switching and searching of tracks, longer playing time, lack of continuous degradation (most [[analog format]]s wear out as they get played),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rockwell |first=John |date=1985-03-10 |title=INVASION OF THE COMPACT DISKS |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/10/arts/invasion-of-the-compact-disks.html |access-date=2024-05-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> programmability (e.g. [[Shuffle play|shuffle]], repeat),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=DEMYSTIFYING COMPACT DISC PLAYERS |url=https://www.deseret.com/1989/10/10/18827518/demystifying-compact-disc-players/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Deseret News |language=en}}</ref> and ability to be played on and copied to a [[personal computer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-09-04 |title=Stealth war against CD piracy |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1524662.stm |access-date=2024-05-04 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In spite of their flaws, records continued to have enthusiastic supporters, partly due to a preference of its "warmer" sound and its larger sleeve artwork.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1998-07-19 |title=BBC News {{!}} ENTERTAINMENT {{!}} The non-compact disc turns 50 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/135027.stm |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> Records continued to be format of choice by [[disc jockeys]] in dance clubs during the 1990s and 2000s due to its better mixing capabilities.<ref name=":0" />

=== Revival era ===
A niche [[Vinyl revival|resurgence of vinyl records]] began in the late 2000s, mainly among rock fans.<ref>Swedish public service television teletext, 12.December.2016, page 150 {{cite web |title=SVT Text - Sida 150 |url=http://www.svt.se/svttext/tv/pages/150.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144405/http://www.svt.se/svttext/tv/pages/150.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016}} in Swedish (original text) – ''"Allt fler köper vinylskivor. Trenden med att köpa vinylskivor fortsätter. Sedan 2006 har försäljningen globalt ökat från drygt 3,1 miljoner sålda exemplar jämfört med 31,5 miljoner sålda exemplar 2015. Trots att allt fler vinylskivor säljs är det dock bara en väldigt liten del av skivförsäljningen. I Sverige såldes det förra året 384.000 vinylskivor jämfört med 3.342.000 cd-skivor. De artister som säljer mest är oftast äldre artister och skivor. Mest såld i år är David Bowies sista skiva Black-star. Andra populära artister är Beatles, Led Zeppelin och Adele."'' – or in English – "More and more buy vinyl records. The trend to buy vinyl records continues. Since 2006 has the global sales increased from approximately 3.1 million sold records to 31.5 million in 2015. Despite this, is it still a small part of the total record sale. In Sweden was 384.000 vinyl records sold last year (=2015) compared to 3.342.000 CD records. The artists who sell most ar usually older artists and records.(comment - bad Swedish in original text is reflected and translated) Most sold in this year (=2016) was David Bowie's last record, ''Black-star''. Other popular artists are Beatles, Led Zeppelin and Adele" (a screenshot of the teletext page exist and can be uploaded, if allowed at Commons and if requested).</ref> The Entertainment Retailers Association in the United Kingdom found in 2011 that consumers were willing to pay on average £16.30 (€19.37, US$25.81) for a single vinyl record, as opposed to £7.82 (€9.30, US$12.38) for a CD and £6.80 (€8.09, US$10.76) for a [[Music download|digital download]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinyl sales up 55% |url=http://www.thecmuwebsite.com/article/vinyl-sales-up-55/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322105005/http://thecmuwebsite.com/article/vinyl-sales-up-55/ |archive-date=22 March 2016 |access-date=10 April 2016 |publisher=Thecmuwebsite.com}}</ref> The resurgence accelerated throughout the 2010s,<ref>{{cite news |date=15 April 2016 |title=Record Store Day: This is what happens inside a vinyl factory - BBC Newsbeat |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36044609/record-store-day-this-is-what-happens-inside-a-vinyl-factory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418163716/http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/36044609/record-store-day-this-is-what-happens-inside-a-vinyl-factory |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=8 January 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> and in 2015 reached $416 million revenue in the US, their highest level since 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vinyl Record Sales At A 28 Year High |url=http://fortune.com/2016/04/16/vinyl-sales-record-store-day/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220120543/http://fortune.com/2016/04/16/vinyl-sales-record-store-day/ |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=8 January 2017 |website=Fortune.com}}</ref> As of 2017, it comprised 14% of all physical album sales.<ref>{{cite web |title=2017 U.S. Music Year-End Report |url=https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/report/2018/2017-music-us-year-end-report |access-date=29 June 2019 |publisher=Nielsen}}</ref> According to the [[RIAA]]'s midyear report in 2020, phonograph record revenues surpassed those of CDs for the first time since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=10 September 2020 |title=Vinyl Outsells CDs For the First Time in Decades |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/vinyl-outsells-cds-for-the-first-time-in-decades/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200922170131/https://pitchfork.com/news/vinyl-outsells-cds-for-the-first-time-in-decades/amp/ |archive-date=22 September 2020 |access-date=22 September 2020 |work=}}</ref>

In 2021, [[Taylor Swift]] sold 102,000 copies of her ninth studio album ''[[Evermore]]'' on vinyl in one week. The sales of the record beat the largest sales in one week on vinyl since Nielsen started tracking vinyl sales in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McIntyre |first=Hugh |title=Taylor Swift's 'Evermore' Is The First Album To Sell 100,000 Vinyl Copies In One Week In U.S. History |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/hughmcintyre/2021/06/07/taylor-swifts-evermore-is-the-first-album-to-sell-100000-vinyl-copies-in-one-week-in-us-history/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> The sales record was previously held by [[Jack White]], who sold 40,000 copies of his second solo release, ''[[Lazaretto (album)|Lazaretto]]'', on vinyl in its first week of release in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Leonie |date=2014-06-18 |title=Jack White breaks US vinyl sales record with 'Lazaretto' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/jack-white-102-1247140 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Approximately 180 million LP records are produced annually at global pressing plants, as of 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leimkuehler |first=Matthew |title=How much did vinyl music sales grow in 2021? (Hint: a lot) |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/music/2022/01/12/vinyl-music-sales-grow-2021/9168973002/ |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=The Tennessean |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Present production===
[[File:Making records at the trade show at SXSW 2014--2-2 (15815410775).jpg|thumb|Vinyl record making demonstration at [[South by Southwest|SXSW]] 2014]]
{{As of|2017}}, 48 record pressing facilities exist worldwide. The increased popularity of the record has led to the investment in new and modern record-pressing machines.<ref>[https://www.wired.com/2017/02/warm-tone-record-press-hand-drawn-records/ Meet the Record-Pressing Robot Fueling Record's Comeback]. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808000151/https://www.wired.com/2017/02/warm-tone-record-press-hand-drawn-records/ |date=8 August 2017 }}.</ref> Only two producers of [[acetate disc|lacquer master disc]]s remain: Apollo Masters in California, and MDC in Japan.<ref>[https://www.djbroadcast.net/article/98883/dont-call-it-vinyl-cutting Don't Call It Vinyl Cutting]. DJBROADCAST. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042902/https://www.djbroadcast.net/article/98883/dont-call-it-vinyl-cutting |date=23 February 2017 }}.</ref> On 6 February 2020, a fire destroyed the Apollo Masters plant. According to the Apollo Masters website, their future is still uncertain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apollomasters.com/|title=Apollo Masters lacquer record discs|website=Apollomasters.com|access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> [[Hand Drawn Pressing]] opened in 2016 as the world's first fully automated record pressing plant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/shawnsetaro/2016/11/30/hand-drawn-pressing/#57ce6dc0474e|title=Hand Drawn Pressing Brings New Technology To Vinyl Records|last=Setaro|first=Shawn|date=November 30, 2016|work=Forbes|access-date=2017-09-05}}</ref>