Editing Petroleum (section)

===Climate===
[[File:Dieselrainbow.jpg|thumb|A diesel fuel spill on a road]]
[[File:Carbonate system of seawater.svg|thumb|Seawater acidification]]
{{As of|2018}}, about a quarter of annual global [[greenhouse gas emissions]] is the carbon dioxide from burning petroleum (plus [[methane leaks]] from the industry).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=May 11, 2020 |title={{CO2}} emissions by fuel |url=https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel |url-status=live |journal=Our World in Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103122924/https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel |archive-date=November 3, 2020 |access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Methane Tracker 2020 – Analysis |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119102518/https://www.iea.org/reports/methane-tracker-2020 |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=January 22, 2021 |website=IEA |date=March 30, 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>{{efn|12.4 gigatonnes petroleum (and about 1 Gt CO<sub>2</sub> eq from methane)/50 gigatonnes total.}} Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marland |first1=Gregg |last2=Houghton |first2=R. A. |last3=Gillett |first3=Nathan P. |last4=Conway |first4=Thomas J. |last5=Ciais |first5=Philippe |last6=Buitenhuis |first6=Erik T. |last7=Field |first7=Christopher B. |last8=Raupach |first8=Michael R. |last9=Quéré |first9=Corinne Le |date=November 20, 2007 |title=Contributions to accelerating atmospheric {{CO2}} growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=104 |issue=47 |pages=18866–18870 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10418866C |doi=10.1073/pnas.0702737104 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2141868 |pmid=17962418 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zheng |first1=Bo |last2=Zaehle |first2=Sönke |last3=Wright |first3=Rebecca |last4=Wiltshire |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Walker |first5=Anthony P. |last6=Viovy |first6=Nicolas |last7=Werf |first7=Guido R. van der |last8=Laan-Luijkx |first8=Ingrid T. van der |last9=Tubiello |first9=Francesco N. |date=December 5, 2018 |title=Global Carbon Budget 2018 |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=2141–2194 |bibcode=2018ESSD...10.2141L |doi=10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018 |issn=1866-3508 |doi-access=free|hdl=21.11116/0000-0002-518C-5 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>  Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 415&nbsp;[[ppmv]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=US Department of Commerce |first=NOAA |title=Global Monitoring Laboratory – Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases |url=https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316011636/https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/ |archive-date=March 16, 2007 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=www.esrl.noaa.gov |language=EN-US}}</ref> from the [[Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere#Concentrations in the geologic past|180–300&nbsp;ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years]].<ref>[http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-scale Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature, on a geological and recent time scale] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724175732/http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/historical-trends-in-carbon-dioxide-concentrations-and-temperature-on-a-geological-and-recent-time-scale |date=July 24, 2011 }}. (June 2007). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 19:14, February 19, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5314592.stm Deep ice tells long climate story] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830193909/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/5314592.stm |date=August 30, 2007 }}. Retrieved 19:14, February 19, 2011.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mitchell, John F.B. |year=1989 |title=The "Greenhouse" Effect and Climate Change |url=http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/envs501/downloads/Mitchell |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=115–139 |bibcode=1989RvGeo..27..115M |citeseerx=10.1.1.459.471 |doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20080904222649/http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/envs501/downloads/Mitchell |archive-date=September 4, 2008}}</ref> The rise in Arctic temperature has reduced the minimum [[Arctic ice pack]] to {{convert|4320000|km2|abbr=on|}}, a loss of almost half since satellite measurements started in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Change |first=NASA Global Climate |title=Arctic Sea Ice Minimum |url=https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524202942/https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/arctic-sea-ice/ |archive-date=May 24, 2020 |access-date=May 24, 2020 |website=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet}}</ref>

[[Ocean acidification]] is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) from the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]].The saturation state of calcium carbonate decreases with the uptake of carbon dioxide in the ocean.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=Ulrich |last2=Paul |first2=Carolin |last3=Moustaka-Gouni |first3=Maria |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Warming and Ocean Acidification Effects on Phytoplankton—From Species Shifts to Size Shifts within Species in a Mesocosm Experiment |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=e0125239 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1025239S |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0125239 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4439082 |pmid=25993440 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This increase in acidity inhibits all marine life—having a greater effect on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see [[scallops]]).<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 26, 2014 |title=Acidic ocean deadly for Vancouver Island scallop industry |work=cbc.ca |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/acidic-ocean-deadly-for-vancouver-island-scallop-industry-1.2551662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427195837/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/acidic-ocean-deadly-for-vancouver-island-scallop-industry-1.2551662 |archive-date=April 27, 2014}}</ref>