Editing Pain (section)

==Non-humans==

===Animals===
{{Main|Pain in animals|Pain in invertebrates}}

[[René Descartes]] argued that animals lack consciousness and therefore do not experience pain and suffering in the way that humans do.<ref name="nuffield45">Working party of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics (2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080625033250/https://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/fileLibrary/pdf/RIA_Report_FINAL-opt.pdf "The ethics of research involving animals. London: Nuffield Council on Bioethics."] {{ISBN|978-1904384106}}. Archived from the original on 25 June 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2010.</ref> [[Bernard Rollin]] of [[Colorado State University]], the principal author of two U.S. federal laws regulating pain relief for animals,{{efn|Rollin drafted the 1985 Health Research Extension Act and an [[animal welfare]] amendment to the 1985 Food Security Act.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rollin BE | title = Animal research: a moral science. Talking Point on the use of animals in scientific research | journal = EMBO Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 6 | pages = 521–525 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17545990 | pmc = 2002540 | doi = 10.1038/sj.embor.7400996 }}</ref>}} wrote that researchers remained unsure into the 1980s as to whether animals experience pain, and that veterinarians trained in the U.S. before 1989 were simply taught to ignore animal pain.<ref name="Rollin117">{{cite book | vauthors = Rollin B | date = 1989 | title = The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 117–118 }} cited in {{cite book | vauthors = Carbone L | title = What animals want: expertise and advocacy in laboratory animal welfare policy. | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = US| date = 2004 | page = 150 }}</ref><ref name="pmid14658059">{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffin DR, Speck GB | title = New evidence of animal consciousness | journal = Animal Cognition | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 5–18 | date = January 2004 | pmid = 14658059 | doi = 10.1007/s10071-003-0203-x | s2cid = 8650837 }}</ref> The ability of invertebrate species of animals, such as insects, to feel pain and suffering is unclear.<ref name="Sherwin, 2001">{{cite journal | vauthors = Sherwin CM | title = Can invertebrates suffer? Or, how robust is argument-by-analogy? | journal = Animal Welfare | date = February 2001 | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 103–118 | doi = 10.1017/S0962728600023551 | s2cid = 54126137 | url = https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ufaw/aw/2001/00000010/a00101s1/art00010;jsessionid=1dtup2ob3at3b.x-ic-live-02 | access-date = 22 December 2021 | archive-date = 7 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220307174545/https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ufaw/aw/2001/00000010/a00101s1/art00010;jsessionid=1dtup2ob3at3b.x-ic-live-02 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lockwood JA |year=1987 |title=The Moral Standing of Insects and the Ethics of Extinction |jstor=3495093 |journal=The Florida Entomologist |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=70–89 |doi=10.2307/3495093}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = DeGrazia D, Rowan A | title = Pain, suffering, and anxiety in animals and humans | journal = Theoretical Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 3 | pages = 193–211 | date = September 1991 | pmid = 1754965 | doi = 10.1007/BF00489606 | s2cid = 34920699 }}</ref>

Specialists believe that all vertebrates can feel pain, and that certain invertebrates, like the octopus, may also.<ref name="Sherwin, 2001" /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/372/lega/witn/shelly-e.htm | title = Do Invertebrates Feel Pain? | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100106084119/https://sencanada.ca/content/sen/committee/372/lega/witn/shelly-e.htm | archive-date=6 January 2010 | work = The Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs | publisher = The [[Parliament of Canada]] | access-date = 11 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith JA |year=1991 |title=A Question of Pain in Invertebrates |url=https://www.abolitionist.com/darwinian-life/invertebrate-pain.html |journal=Institute for Laboratory Animal Research Journal |volume=33 |pages=1–2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008212237/https://www.abolitionist.com/darwinian-life/invertebrate-pain.html |archive-date=8 October 2011 }}</ref> The presence of pain in animals is unknown, but can be inferred through physical and behavioral reactions,<ref name="pmid7715946">{{cite journal | vauthors = Abbott FV, Franklin KB, Westbrook FR | title = The formalin test: scoring properties of the first and second phases of the pain response in rats | journal = Pain | volume = 60 | issue = 1 | pages = 91–102 | date = January 1995 | pmid = 7715946 | doi = 10.1016/0304-3959(94)00095-V | s2cid = 35448280 }}</ref> such as paw withdrawal from various noxious mechanical stimuli in rodents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones JM, Foster W, Twomey CR, Burdge J, Ahmed OM, Pereira TD, Wojick JA, Corder G, Plotkin JB, Abdus-Saboor I | display-authors = 6 | title = A machine-vision approach for automated pain measurement at millisecond timescales | journal = eLife | volume = 9 | pages = e57258 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32758355 | pmc = 7434442 | doi = 10.7554/eLife.57258 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

===Plants===
While [[plants]], as living beings, can perceive and communicate physical stimuli and damage, they do not feel pain simply because of the lack of any pain receptors, nerves, or a brain,<ref name="EncyBrit"/> and, by extension, a lack of consciousness.<ref>{{cite journal| last1 = Draguhn| first1 = Andreas | last2 = Mallatt| first2 = Jon M. | last3 = Robinson| first3 = David G. | author-link = | title = Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness| journal = Protoplasma| volume = 258| issue = 2| pages = 239–248| publisher = Springer | date = 2021| language = | jstor = | issn = | doi = 10.1007/s00709-020-01550-9| pmid = 32880005 | pmc = 7907021 | bibcode = 2021Prpls.258..239D | id = 32880005| mr = | zbl = | jfm = }}</ref> Many plants are known to perceive and respond to mechanical stimuli at a cellular level, and some plants such as the [[venus flytrap]] or [[Mimosa pudica|touch-me-not]], are known for their "obvious sensory abilities".<ref name="EncyBrit"/> Nevertheless, no member of the plant kingdom does feel pain notwithstanding their abilities to respond to sunlight, gravity, wind, and any external stimuli such as insect bites since they lack any nervous system. The primary reason for this is that, unlike the members of the [[Animal|animal kingdom]] whose evolutionary successes and failures are shaped by suffering, the evolution of plants are simply shaped by life and death.<ref name="EncyBrit">{{cite web
| url = https://www.britannica.com/story/do-plants-feel-pain
| title = Do Plants Feel Pain?
| last = Petruzzello
| first = Melissa
| date = 2016
| website = Encyclopedia Britannica
| access-date = 8 January 2023
| quote = Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without worry.
| archive-date = 5 September 2023
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230905171721/https://www.britannica.com/story/do-plants-feel-pain
| url-status = live
}}</ref>