Editing Norwich (section)

==Economy and infrastructure==
[[File:2004 norwich 06.JPG|thumb|The Royal Arcade, designed by [[George Skipper]], opened in 1899.]]

Norwich's economy was historically manufacturing-based, including a large shoemaking industry, but it transitioned in the 1980s and 1990s into a service-based economy.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Montague |first1=Ros |title=Norwich Shoemaking: From Howlett and White to Norvic |url=https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2016/11/10/norwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic/ |website=Norfolk Record Office Blog |date=10 November 2016 |publisher=Norfolk Record Office |access-date=3 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304153917/https://norfolkrecordofficeblog.org/2016/11/10/norwich-shoemaking-from-howlett-and-white-to-norvic/ |archive-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The greater-Norwich economy (including Norwich, [[Broadland]] and [[South Norfolk]] government districts) as measured by [[Gross value added|GVA]] was estimated at £7.4 billion in 2011 (2011 GVA at 2006 prices).<ref name=gndp>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gndp.org.uk/content/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/05/2012_05_17_-Economic-assessment-2012.pdf |title=An Economic Assessment of Greater Norwich – 2012 |author=Greater Norwich Development Partnership |page=10 |access-date=28 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307153452/http://www.gndp.org.uk/content/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/05/2012_05_17_-Economic-assessment-2012.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2014}}</ref> The city's largest employment sectors are business and financial services (31%), public services (26%), retail (12%), manufacturing (8%) and tourism (7%).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Business/WhyNorwich/pages/PopulationAndEmploymentFigures.aspx |title=Population and Employment Figures |website=Norwich City Council |access-date=3 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218061718/http://www.norwich.gov.uk/Business/WhyNorwich/pages/PopulationAndEmploymentFigures.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref>

The proportion of working-age adults in Norwich claiming [[unemployment benefits]] is 3.3%<ref>{{Cite web |last=House of Commons library |date= |title=Constituency data: people claiming unemployment benefits |url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/constituency-data-people-claiming-unemployment-benefits/}}</ref> compared with 3.6% across the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment rate (aged 16 and over, seasonally adjusted): % - Office for National Statistics |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peoplenotinwork/unemployment/timeseries/mgsx/lms |access-date=5 December 2022 |website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

New developments on the former [[Boulton and Paul]] site include a [[Riverside (Norwich)|Riverside]] entertainment complex with nightclubs and other venues featuring the usual national leisure brands. Nearby, the football stadium is being upgraded with more residential property development alongside the River Wensum.

[[Archant]], formerly Eastern Counties Newspapers (ECN), is a national publishing group that has grown out of the city's local newspapers and is headquartered in Norwich.

Norwich has long been associated with the making of [[Mustard (condiment)|mustard]]. The world-famous [[Colman's]] brand, with its yellow packaging, was founded in 1814 and operated from a factory at Carrow, latterly owned by [[Unilever]]. This site closed in 2019, with mustard now being made by Condimentum at [[Honingham]], in a supply deal with Unilever.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Eastern Daily Press |title=Colman's mustard factory in Norwich to close doors for final time |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/business/colmans-factory-carrow-works-open-for-the-last-time-1-6664942 |access-date=13 August 2020 |publisher=Archant |date=22 May 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814051525/https://www.edp24.co.uk/business/colmans-factory-carrow-works-open-for-the-last-time-1-6664942 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/04/unilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich |title=Unilever to close 160-year-old Colman's Mustard factory in Norwich |last=Kollewe |first=Julia |date=4 January 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en |access-date=9 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180312/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/04/unilever-to-close-160-year-old-colmans-mustard-factory-in-norwich |archive-date=10 February 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Colman's is exported worldwide, putting Norwich on the map of British heritage brands. The Colman's Mustard Shop, which sold Colman's products and related gifts, was until 2017 located in the [[Royal Arcade, Norwich|Royal Arcade]] in the centre of Norwich but closed in that year.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/http-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045 |title=Norwich mustard shop won't reopen |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006022527/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/http-www-edp24-co-uk-news-coleman-s-artefacts-put-into-storage-as-plans-for-a-reborn-mustard-shop-are-scrapped-1-5225045-1-5225045 |archive-date=6 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Situated to the south-west of the city is the [[Norwich Research Park]], a community of research organisations, including the [[Institute of Food Research]] and the [[John Innes Centre]], and over 30 science and technology-based businesses, the [[University of East Anglia]] and the [[Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital]].

Norwich's night-time economy of bars and night clubs is mainly located in Tombland, Prince of Wales Road and the Riverside area adjacent to Norwich railway station.

Norwich's location in a mainly-agricultural county provided opportunities for the supply of services to that industry. Prior to 1960, a large area below the Castle Mound was given over to Norwich Livestock Market. In that year, the Livestock Market moved from the centre of the city to a new site at Harford and, although now diminished in size, it continues to hold regular auctions of poultry, cattle, sheep and farm machinery.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=Norwich Livestock Market |url=https://norwichlivestockmarket.com/ |website=Norwich Livestock Market}}</ref>

===Retail===
[[File:Norwich Market - geograph.org.uk - 827962.jpg|thumb|[[Norwich Market]] with [[St Peter Mancroft]] church and the Sir Garnet public house in the background]]

Norwich was the eighth most prosperous shopping destination in the UK in 2006.<ref>[http://www.caci.co.uk/index.asp?url=press-060515.htm CACI web site] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225034237/http://www.caci.co.uk/index.asp?url=press-060515.htm |date=25 February 2012}} – CACI Retail Footprint, 2006.</ref> It has an [[Norwich Market|ancient marketplace]] established by the [[Normans]] in 1071–1074, which is today the largest six-day-a-week open-air market in England. In 2006, the market was downsized and redeveloped; the new market stalls have proved controversial: with 20% less floor space than the originals, higher rental and other charges, and inadequate rainwater handling, which has been unpopular with many stallholders and customers. In 2007 the local ''[[Norwich Evening News]]'' called [[Norwich Market]] an ongoing conflict between market traders and its operator, Norwich [[City Council]].<ref>[http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED04%20Jan%202007%2012%3A46%3A06%3A363 Norwich Evening News web site] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000659/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED04%20Jan%202007%2012%3A46%3A06%3A363 |date=28 September 2007}} – Market is hit by new cash blow.</ref>

The [[Castle Quarter, Norwich|Castle Quarter]], a shopping centre designed by the local practice Lambert, Scott & Innes and opened in 1993, presents an ingenious solution to the problem of accommodating retail space in a historic city-centre environment — the building is largely concealed underground and built into the side of a hill, with a public park created on its roof in the area south of the castle.

A second shopping centre, [[Chantry Place]] (formally Chapelfield) was opened in 2005 on the site of a closed Caley's (later [[Rowntree Mackintosh]] and [[Nestlé]]) chocolate factory, featuring as its flagship department store [[House of Fraser]]. Following a change of ownership in 2020, it was renamed [[Chantry Place]]. Detractors have criticised the centre as unnecessary and damaging to local businesses, prompting smaller retailers to band together to promote their virtues. Despite this, in August 2006 it was reported by the Javelin Group that Norwich was one of the top five retail destinations in the UK,<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Norwich Evening News |title=New centre sees city climb shops league |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED19%20Aug%202006%2013%3A37%3A04%3A253 |author=Jenkinson, Caroline |date=19 August 2006 |access-date=21 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510231230/http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED19%20Aug%202006%2013%3A37%3A04%3A253 |archive-date=10 May 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref> and in October 2006 the city centre was voted best in the UK in a shopping satisfaction survey run by Goldfish Credit Card.<ref>{{Cite news |publisher=Norwich Evening News |title=Norwich is top of the shops |url=http://new.en24.co.uk/search/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&itemid=NOED13%20Oct%202006%2010:00:29:760&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=search |author=Chessum, Dominic |date=13 October 2006 |access-date=29 October 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929201206/http://new.en24.co.uk/search/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&itemid=NOED13%20Oct%202006%2010%3A00%3A29%3A760&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=search |archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref>

A section of central Norwich roughly bounded by Bethel Street/Upper St Giles Street, Grapes Hill, St Benedict's and St Andrew's Hill/London Street/Castle Meadow is now known and promoted as [[Norwich Lanes]]. As a series of mostly pedestrianised lanes, alleyways and streets, it is noted for independent retailers and eating and drinking establishments. It also contains several of the city's cultural attractions, including museums, theatres and other venues. Norwich Lanes, as part of a nationwide drive to recognise the importance and maintain the character and individuality of Britain's high streets, was the Great British High Street Awards 2014 national winner in the "City" category.<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=Eastern Daily Press |title=Norwich Lanes wins national high street award |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/norwich_lanes_wins_national_high_street_award_1_3839215 |date=8 November 2014 |access-date=18 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025426/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/norwich_lanes_wins_national_high_street_award_1_3839215 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

To the north is [[Anglia Square Shopping Centre, Norwich|Anglia Square]] shopping centre. The owners of the site want it redeveloped; demolition work was due to start in 2010 after an archaeological dig, conducted in 2009 and due to the centre being located around the site of a Saxon fortified settlement. [[The Twentieth Century Society]] has objected to demolish on the ground of the architectural merits of one of the few [[Brutalists]] shopping centres left in the UK and the 35,900 tonnes of [[embodied carbon]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.savebritainsheritage.org/campaigns/article/634/PRESS-RELEASE-Anglia-Square-the-battle-which-must-be-won |title=PRESS RELEASE: Anglia Square - the battle which must be won |website=www.savebritainsheritage.org}}</ref><ref name="auto"/> The development is planned to be a mix of shops and housing, unlike the original offices, shops and cinema.<ref>[http://www.calvertsquare.co.uk/about.asp Calvert Square] Retrieved 1 December 2008 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012023148/http://www.calvertsquare.co.uk/about.asp |date=12 October 2009}}</ref> In February 2009, an initial delay to the plans was blamed on the economic climate, and developers were unable to say when work would begin. Further delays occurred in the years following.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development plannings |url=http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/content/news/story.aspx?brand=ENOnline&category=News&tBrand=ENOnline&tCategory=news&itemid=NOED02%20Feb%202009%2012%3A23%3A27%3A320 |publisher=www.eveningnews24.co.uk |access-date=4 September 2016}}</ref> In 2014, it was bought by investment manager Threadneedle Investments for £7.5&nbsp;million.<ref>[http://www.eveningnews24.co.uk/news/norwich_shopping_centre_s_price_tag_is_revealed_following_sale_of_anglia_square_1_3634579 Evening News report] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528133028/https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/local-council/norwich-shopping-centre-s-price-tag-is-revealed-following-sale-674548 |date=28 May 2021 }} Retrieved 9 June 2014.</ref> The owners and their partner Weston Homes announced in November 2016 they had been holding talks with chief officers at [[Norwich City Hall]]. Plans submitted included demolishing Anglia Square, the former stationery office and Gildengate House. Over a thousand homes were planned above shop units and a public square.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Dan Grimmer |title=Norwich's Anglia Square could be demolished as revamp plans, including 1000 homes, are revealed |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/home/norwich_s_anglia_square_could_be_demolished_as_revamp_plans_including_more_than_1_000_new_homes_are_revealed_1_4758973 |website=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=10 January 2017 |date=2 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111000023/http://www.edp24.co.uk/home/norwich_s_anglia_square_could_be_demolished_as_revamp_plans_including_more_than_1_000_new_homes_are_revealed_1_4758973 |archive-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Anglia Square and the surrounding area |url=https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20238/current_consultations/1875/anglia_square_and_surrounding_area |website=Norwich City Council |access-date=10 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111002147/https://www.norwich.gov.uk/info/20238/current_consultations/1875/anglia_square_and_surrounding_area |archive-date=11 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2018, Weston Homes and landowner [[Columbia Threadneedle Investments|Columbia Threadneedle]] submitted regeneration plans to include 1,200 homes, a 20-storey [[High-rise building|tower block]], a supermarket, a hotel, green squares and central courtyards.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=David Hannant |title='My hope is for a common sense approach'- Reaction to plans for Anglia Square |url=http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/anglia-square-plans-submitted-1-5436987 |website=Eastern Daily Press |access-date=24 April 2018 |date=15 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424202728/http://www.edp24.co.uk/news/politics/anglia-square-plans-submitted-1-5436987 |archive-date=24 April 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> The controversial 2018 plans were rejected by the [[Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government]] in 2020, and in 2021 the developer resubmitted revised plans.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 2021 |title=Norwich Society's 'relief' over changes to Anglia Square plans |work=Eastern Daily Press |url=https://www.edp24.co.uk/news/housing/anglia-square-norwich-society-weston-homes-redevelopment-plans-8525398 |access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>

===Electricity supply===
Temporary electric street lighting in Norwich started in 1882. The first permanent supply came in 1893 from a generating station in Duke Street. This supplied local industry and domestic users and from 1900 the [[Norwich Electric Tramways]]. In the late 1920s, a new 40 [[Watt|MW]] power station was built at Thorpe, to which was added in 1937 30 MW "high pressure" generating plant. These operated until 1975. A gas turbine plant was installed in 1964 to provide power at times of peak demand. This closed in 1986 and the entire Thorpe power station site was demolished and cleared in 1981–1982. Two tall [[Transmission tower|electricity pylons]] stood near the site until they were dismantled in 2017. Further details appear in [[Norwich power stations]].