Editing Newton's laws of motion (section)

==== Philoponus and impetus ====
[[John Philoponus]], a [[Byzantine Greek]] thinker active during the sixth century, found this absurd: the same medium, air, was somehow responsible both for sustaining motion and for impeding it. If Aristotle's idea were true, Philoponus said, armies would launch weapons by blowing upon them with bellows. Philoponus argued that setting a body into motion imparted a quality, [[Theory of impetus|impetus]], that would be contained within the body itself. As long as its impetus was sustained, the body would continue to move.<ref>{{cite book|first=Richard |last=Sorabji |chapter=John Philoponus |title=Philoponus and the Rejection of Aristotelian Science |jstor=44216227 |year=2010 |edition=2nd |publisher=Institute of Classical Studies, University of London |isbn=978-1-905-67018-5 |oclc=878730683}}</ref>{{Rp|47}} In the following centuries, versions of impetus theory were advanced by individuals including [[Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji]], [[Avicenna]], [[Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī]], [[John Buridan]], and [[Albert of Saxony (philosopher)|Albert of Saxony]]. In retrospect, the idea of impetus can be seen as a forerunner of the modern concept of momentum.{{refn|group=note|[[Anneliese Maier]] cautions, "Impetus is neither a force, nor a form of energy, nor momentum in the modern sense; it shares something with all these other
concepts, but it is identical with none of them."<ref>{{cite book|first=Anneliese |last=Maier |author-link=Anneliese Maier |title=On the Threshold of Exact Science |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=1982 |editor-first=Steven D. |editor-last=Sargent |isbn=978-0-812-27831-6 |oclc=495305340}}</ref>{{Rp|79}}}} The intuition that objects move according to some kind of impetus persists in many students of introductory physics.<ref>See, for example:
*{{Cite journal|last1=Eaton|first1=Philip|last2=Vavruska|first2=Kinsey|last3=Willoughby|first3=Shannon|date=2019-04-25|title=Exploring the preinstruction and postinstruction non-Newtonian world views as measured by the Force Concept Inventory|journal=[[Physical Review Physics Education Research]]|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=010123|doi=10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.15.010123|bibcode=2019PRPER..15a0123E |s2cid=149482566 |issn=2469-9896|doi-access=free}}
*{{Cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Amy D. |last2=Goodhew |first2=Lisa M. |last3=Scherr |first3=Rachel E. |author3-link=Rachel Scherr|last4=Heron |first4=Paula R. L. |date=March 2021 |title=Impetus-Like Reasoning as Continuous with Newtonian Physics |url=https://aapt.scitation.org/doi/10.1119/10.0003660 |journal=[[The Physics Teacher]] |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=185–188 |doi=10.1119/10.0003660 |s2cid=233803836 |issn=0031-921X}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Robertson|first1=Amy D.|last2=Goodhew|first2=Lisa M.|last3=Scherr|first3=Rachel E.|author3-link=Rachel Scherr|last4=Heron|first4=Paula R. L.|date=2021-03-30|title=University student conceptual resources for understanding forces|journal=[[Physical Review Physics Education Research]]|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=010121|doi=10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.17.010121|bibcode=2021PRPER..17a0121R |s2cid=243143427 |issn=2469-9896|doi-access=free}}</ref>